Major Conflict in Theogony free essay sample

Significant clashes in the Theogony (Essay) Having perused the Theogony, I can quickly say that Hesiod attempts to depict the comparable associations of three age of divine beings; just as underlining the significant clashes between the matriarchal and male centric frameworks. At the point when we glance through what has appeared first, we experience with Chaos, which demonstrates the intricacy of things for some time. After Chaos, the incredible goddess Gaea, who is the leader of the matriarchal framework (representing richness), springs up. She brings forth the universe without the assistance of man, what we call parthenogenesis. This shows her glorious force as a god. In the matriarchal framework ladies are viewed as enchanted in light of the fact that they are the main animals that can conceive an offspring. This ability is extremely essential for continuing the pattern of nature. Be that as it may, later, when the matriarchal framework is overthrownâ by the man centric, weâ run into Zeusâ who brings forth Athena from his headâ without a mate. The hugeness of this surprising birth is, presently the male has the ability to be the maker and the female force is moved into male shrewdness. After Gaea, Tartaros and Eros come to life.Then Gaia and Ouranos ( who used to be her associate) lay together (turns into her darling and spouse) and bear the twelve Titans. The last Titan, which she bears, is Kronos. She later bears the Kyklopes, who have one eye in their temples. Zeus utilizes them against the Titans in the war, which we see later in the sonnet. From the day they are conceived (the second they come out of the belly), Gaea’s kids loathe their dad. This is on the grounds that Ouranos has concealed them in Gaea’s belly and has not let them come back to light. Ouranos has done that since he is worried about the possibility that that one of his children may take his place.We see the contention between the matriarchal and man centric here as the children have a place with Gaea, speaking to the female mastery. In the event that one of the youngsters ousts his dad, at that point the matriarchal control will occur and quell the man centric, which isn't useful for the men’s benefits. This occasion drives Gaea so mad that she searches for an approach to render retribution. Cleverly, she incites her children and Kronos handles the assignment. She gives him a sharp-toothed blade and Kronos hacks off his father’s private parts by utilizing it. The motivation behind why Kronos maims his dad is attributable to the way that private parts are the organs which are utilized by man to produce.They are the image of man’s richness. By killing them, Kronos leaves his dad frail andâ debilitated. At that point the wicked drops spreads all around and some of them falls into the ocean. As they are secured by the ocean for quite a while, white froth ascends from them shaping Aphorodite. Aphrodite is framed from ocean because of the way that ocean speaks to the unconcious ( the shrouded part/matriarchal’s restraint by the male centric) as under the ocean is moderately dull. The intensity of the unconcious is extremely sexual and this is the reason Aphodite speaks to ‘sexuality’.After Kronos becomes hopelessly enamored with Rhea, she bears him celebrated youngsters, including Zeus. During the birth, when every youngster moves from the hallowed belly, Kronos begins to swallow him/her. He does this regardless of Rhea’s continuous pain since his motivation is to keep some other youngster from curbing his capacity. It’s impressively amusing in light of the fact that he does likewise (attempt to dispose of his own kids) what Ouranos (his dad) has done to him and his kin. This again shows the contention between the matriarchal and man centric frameworks. By gulping every kid, Kronos blocks the mediation of the ladylike power.Hilariously, Kronos doesn’t understand that Zeus is removed by clever Rhea. He believes that he has gulped him. Indeed he has deceived by Rhea and has gulped a stone rather given by her. In the long run he is vanquished by his own fate. At the point when Zeus gets his lightning storm power from his uncles, he turns into the compelling sky lord of the universe. By the by, a few people like Prometheus are not content with that. He attempts to take Zeus’s force and deceives him. Getting mindful of what’s going on, Zeus rebuffs him and places him into chains. Tragically, he doesn’t get an exercise out of that.One additional time, he attempts to trick Zeus. This is the last drop, which makes Zeus insane. Accordingly, Zeus gives ladies as a discipline for men. It’s another particular guide to the contention. Ladies are viewed as very vindictiveness people as they are the opponents of the male mastery and the discipline is appeared to be unforgiving by the humanity. Later a battle happens between the Titans ( the old age, originating from the matriarchal) and the Olympian divine beings ( the new age originating from the male centric). This battle means that the more seasoned age attempts to get power from the new.More expressly, the matriarchal which has been supressed by the man centric, attempts to figure out how to come into the surface and be the authority once more. Notwithstanding, toward the end the Titans are crushed and they go to the Underworld. This shows the matriarchal framework isn't as amazing as it used to be. In any case, Gaea doesn’t surrender by the thrashing and bear Typhoeus who is a snake with a hundred hands and he challanges Zeus. Being a snake, he speaks to the associate of the female. He is a danger to the man centric framework. After a troublesome battle, Zeus defeats him and becomes victorious.With this the male centric framework demonstrates that it has the total capacity to control the universe. The matriarchal is overpowered completely. At that point Zeus lays down with Demeter and they together bear the wonderful Persephone, who is stole by Aidoneus to the Underworld. At the point when she is snatched, Demeter is in horrible agony and misery. Anyway Zeus orchestrates Persephone’s marriage with Aidoneus without focusing on what Demeter thinks. Persephone’s story is another guide to the contention. The male centric framework wears out the matriarchal by taking what is critical to them, by causing gigantic pain.Last of all, Zeus weds with Hera who is related with the Great Goddess. At the point when Hera weds Zeus, she turns out to be less significant in light of the fact that she subordinates him. It’s likewise in light of the fact that Zeus has used to be her partner when the universe has used to be administered by the matriarchal framework. In spite of the fact that Zeus sells out Hera all the time with different females, Hera remains explicitly faithful to him. Zeus takes every one of these ladies since he is the dad all things considered and everything. He subordinates the intensity of ladies and they become substandard compared to him. Hera turns out to be exceptionally envious as Zeus keeps on undermining her.Due to her outrage, she bears Hephaistos without the assistance of Zeus. In any case, Hephaistos isn't magnificent here and there becuase he is injured from his leg. This shows women’s (the matriarchal) power isn't sufficient to tolerate youngsters adequately any longer. Her capacity has been diminishedâ by the men. Seeing Hera testing him, Zeus needs to deliver retribution. He has intercourse with Alkmene and she bears him Herakles. The motivation behind why he gives the name Herakles to him is on the grounds that it remembers the word Hera for it, which makes Hera resentful. Indeed, even in the name event, we watch the clash.I’ve attempted to accentuate how the man centric additions power and turns into the pioneer of the universe. As you see, there are numerous instances of the contention, which is dispersed in each degree of the universe. The matriarchal attempts numerous approaches to impede it, yet the entirety of its endeavors are futile. On the off chance that we take a gander at it from another point of view, it’s additionally in light of the fact that men takes over the majority of the difficult occupations which requires gigantic vitality, for example, battling, chasing, exchanging and ladies comes after him (also in rank) generally captivating with growing up youngsters and doing housework. This progressions the parities of the world and the male centric stands apart rather than the matriarchal.

The Importance of Being Earnest Research Paper Example

The Importance of Being Earnest Research Paper Example The Importance of Being Earnest Paper The Importance of Being Earnest Paper when Algernon inquires as to why he has gone to the town. This shows he is flippant in light of the fact that it shows he simply needs to have a ton of fun and have a good time. This statement additionally shows he is rich and lavish in light of the fact that he can clearly make a trip at whatever point he needs to and has the money to do as such. This connections back to the point that he is unreliable in such a case that he had the sole obligation of anything then he wouldnt simply have the option to go for instance on the off chance that he worked, at that point he would not simply have the option to find employment elsewhere. The word delight accentuates the point that the character Jack is well off, as he obviously has a sumptuous way of life and the cash to manage the cost of joy. The expression what else ought to bring one anyplace? likewise recommends he is youthful and joyful on the grounds that he has no understanding that individuals probably won't travel for joy. He gives off an impression of being living in his own little world and has no clue that others battle to discover the cash to endure and need to make a solid effort to do as such. This is a significant piece of Oscar Wildes message that the rich were very nai ve yet I will talk about this further later. Then again this statement could show he was simply unconstrained and continually searching for an experience. Rather than being unimportant he is simply appreciating the cash he has and benefiting as much as possible from his life. It would presumably rely upon the crowds sees on cash with respect to whether they considered Jack to be excessively luxurious or simply unconstrained. The possibility that he is unreliable is really not a genuine character quality, on the grounds that really Jack is very mischievous, and has duties since he is a watchman in the nation, where he is known as Jack, to Cecily his ward. The past statement applies to this too on the grounds that doesnt need Algernon to discover he has obligations as he may appear to be exhausting. While he is really venturing out to the town for delight, he attempts to cover the reality he has a mystery life in the nation with what else ought to bring one anyplace? This goes about as a spread since Jack realizes that voyaging isnt consistently about delight yet he attempts to fit in with Algernons reprobate way of life. At numerous focuses in the play Jack makes statements that make the characters he is conversing with accept he is somebody else. This is for the most part because of the reality he is attempting to conceal his untruths. There are focuses when Jack is demonstrated to be requesting. At the point when he goes to the town, in act one, he says to Algernon I just need my cigarette case back. This demonstrates Jack to be requesting and maybe eager. The expression basic need suggests he is restless as this is the manner in which the line would be performed when in front of an audience. I envision that the line would be conveyed in a smart manner, and Jack would most likely look very irate or awkward. The line is short which would cause the crowd to accept that Jack is touchy and the word need adds to this. His interest is considerate yet the tone in the entertainers voice would part with that Jack was really baffled. In the discussion that is occurring, Algernon has perused the engraving on the cigarette case, which makes it clear that is has a place with Jack and is from Cecily. Algernon knows Jack as Ernest as this is the thing that Jack calls himself in the town. Algy likewise realizes the cigarette case has a place with Ernest so is befuddled by the engraving which conflicts with what he knows. The discussion stirs doubt with Algy thus he begins addressing Jack (or Ernest as he is known to Algernon now). The statement connects to this in light of the fact that as opposed to having a touchiness, he could have seemed fretful on the grounds that he was on edge about being discovered. The on-screen character could show this by being uneasy and looking awkward with the circumstance. This bodes well since Jack is content with the manner in which he has two lives, one in the town and one in the nation and as no-body likes to be deceived, Algernon and Jack would most likely wend up having a battle, and things would presumably need to change or Algernon would need to meet Cecily and everything would get befuddling, so Jack didnt need him to discover. If so the word just would be Jack attempting to cover the reality he was extremely on edge to recover his cigarette case without Algy finding the falsehoods and him attempting to sound as easygoing and quiet as could reasonably be expected. All through the play, he is cagey about the mysteries and until the end, there are still things being found. Oscar Wilde now and again gives the characters lines that simply sparkle the thought with the crowd that they are lying. Toward the starting Jack says Eh? Shropshire? Truly obviously! This gives Jack is lying about where he has been and where his home in the nation it since he sounds confounded. He is reluctant in any case, similar to he is uncertain of what he is discussing, despite the fact that, he ought no doubt. The question marks show the entertainer would go up toward the finish of the words, to make it understood it is an inquiry. The on-screen character would likewise presumably have a confounded face, while he considers what is being said. Jack subsequent to parting with somewhat that he was lying attempts to backpedal on himself, and spread it up by saying Yes, obviously, as though he knew from the beginning. This is an unobtrusive impact utilized by Wilde, which just triggers the inclination he is being untrustworthy with the crowd. Starting here they are then bound to get on different occasions when he is lying, which adds to the two his character and the storyline. Narcissistic is a word that could be utilized to portray a considerable lot of the characters however Jack unquestionably has this trademark. Wilde makes all the characters narcissistic and vain, which is a great deal of the motivation behind why the play is a parody. It adds to the silliness since they are just keen on their own lives, so wind up conflicting on the grounds that they can't comprehend others. Wilde demonstrates Jack to have this quality with the line It is agonizing for me to be compelled to talk reality. He doesnt acknowledge how much his lying may agitate individuals and hasnt considered the results. All he needs is joy for him and this connections back to the point that he is requesting on the grounds that he doesnt comprehend that others may have their own interests. He has been lying however he doesnt consider how this will influence others exactly how excruciating it is for him. It seems as though he doesnt understand that the falsehoods may hurt others yet he comprehends that it isn't right since he is humiliated about letting them know. He doesnt need to concede he has lied since he prefers the circumstance he is in despite the fact that it is beguiling. At specific focuses he can be dishonest. He says to Algernon my dear individual the sooner you surrender this senseless rubbish the better about his lying and having a twofold character. This is double-dealing since Jack additionally has another character and personality yet this is the thing that he is telling Algy off for! The reality he considers it senseless hogwash shows that he perceives that what he is doing is somewhat dumb and juvenile yet this doesnt influence his activities since he is profiting by having two personalities since he can escape things he doesnt need to do. Jack additionally gives off an impression of being sentimental all through the play. He adores Gwendolen and need dazzle both her and her mom; who wont allow them to wed. In the principal demonstration he shows up sentimental when he concedes his adoration to Gwendolen. The character has the line, I have never cherished anybody on the planet aside from you. He sounds beguiling and this line is probably going to astound and intrigue Gwendolen. In front of an audience this would presumably be a serious and passionate scene. Gwendolen and Jack are having this mystery discussion while Lady Bracknell (Gwendolens mother), is in the other room, so it could be very hurried or panicky. Later in act one he calls her My own dear which shows he is friendly, however conceivable somewhat possessive. The reality he calls her dear shows he is friendly and venerating of her since it is a recognizable pet-name. He says my own which is the part that makes him sound possessive since it seems like she is a belonging; an article as opposed to a lady. This could mean the character is controlling and perhaps tenacious. He needs others to know Gwendolen is with him and it could be pride or it could be desire and control. Towards the finish of the play, in act 3, Gwendolen says I am locked in to be hitched to Mr. Worthing. This statement makes Jack (Mr. Worthing) gives off an impression of being sentimental in light of the fact that the couple have remained together through the activity in the play up until this point, despite the fact that they have had restriction. They are as yet genuine about one another, and love each other despite the fact that their relationship was disapproved of and tested by the exceptionally regarded Lady Bracknell. She was a significant furious character so it makes it almost certain that Jack and Gwendolen are really infatuated, on the grounds that they are in an informal and nonstandard relationship (in view of the manner in which they got together), thus ought to likely not be together yet even with Lady Bracknell constraining them to separate they havent. Their relationship is unordinary on the grounds that in that time, on the off chance that you needed to wed a lady you went to her folks first yet Jack didnt do this, he went directly to Gwendolen, which more likely than not enraged Lady Bracknell as she would have felt defensive towards Gwendolen. This demonstrates Jack is sentimental on the grounds that he should have truly cherished Gwendolen, or possibly truly needed to be with her since Lady Bracknell was extremely ground-breaking and what he was doing, she objected to and could have likely taken care of. Anyway at long last Lady Bracknell intervenes, yet Jack despite everything fights by not permitting Cecily to wed Algernon, Lady Bracknells nephew. This shows a childish side of Jack; he is halting somebody elses relationship since he cannot have his own specific manner. This connections back to the possibility that he was egotistical in such a case that he was benevolent than he would let Cecily and Algernon be together in light of the fact that that would make them h

Everything you wanted to know about SIPAs language proficiency requirement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Everything you wanted to know about SIPAs language proficiency requirement COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog At SIPA, all MIA students (and MPA students concentrating in Economic and Political Development) must fulfill a foreign language proficiency requirement by graduation. Since you can satisfy this requirement in a number of ways and students come from a variety of backgrounds, figuring out how you should personally fulfill the requirement can sometimes be confusing for first-year students. This post is to provide an overview of the requirement and answer some frequently asked questions about the process. Who must fulfill the language requirement in order to graduate? All MIA students, as well as MPA students concentrating in Economic and Political Development What exactly is language proficiency? SIPA defines language proficiency by achieving a grade of B (3.0) or better in an Intermediate Level II (4th semester) language course at Columbia, or by passing a language proficiency exam (the grading process varies by language). By meeting these minimum requirements, students are able to prove proficiency in writing, speaking, listening and reading in the foreign language of their choice. In general, a proficiency test is an exam, which measures how much of a language a person knows or has learned. A proficiency test is not bound to any curriculum or syllabus, but is intended to check the learner’s language competence. How can an incoming SIPA student who is fluent in a language other than English fulfill the language proficiency requirement to graduate? There are two ways students may prove proficiency without enrolling in additional coursework: Students with a native language other than English who can demonstrate that a substantive part of their education (e.g., high school, college, or a prior graduate degree) has been in that language can bring a translated diploma from the institution to the Office of Student Affairs (OSA) to prove proficiency. Along the same lines, admitted international students may confirm with the Office of Student Affairs evidence of taking the TOEFL or IELTS as proof of proficiency in English as their second language during the first two weeks of school. These policies may change so it is best to check with OSA within your first couple weeks at SIPA if you would like to use one of these options to fulfill the language requirement. Students can also demonstrate proficiency by passing a language proficiency exam. SIPA offers proficiency exams in French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Proficiency exams are offered during orientation week and the first week of classes each semester. To demonstrate language proficiency in languages other than these listed, students can arrange appointments with individual departments.  SIPA recommends that students take the exam in their first year in order to plan ahead if they do not pass the exam. Keep in mind that you can take a proficiency exam only once. See below for more information on the difference between a proficiency exam and a placement exam. Information about SIPA proficiency exams can be found here. How can an incoming SIPA student who is not fluent in a language other than English fulfill the language proficiency requirement to graduate? If you do not arrive at SIPA speaking a language besides English fluently, you can take a placement exam in a language you’ve previously studies to determine which course level at Columbia would be appropriate for you to enroll in. Or if you would like to learn a new language, you can register for a beginner level course. Keep in mind that elementary-level courses will not count toward the 54 credits required for the degree, but intermediate-level courses will count as electives. To prove proficiency for graduation, you must achieve a grade of B (3.0) or better in an Intermediate Level II (4th semester) language course at Columbia. When should I start my language classes at SIPA? If you begin at the elementary level, you should start your language courses in your first semester in order to get to the Intermediate Level II course in your final semester. What is the difference between a proficiency and placement exam? A proficiency exam is taken to demonstrate fluency in a language and to completely fulfill the language requirement. You take this exam during the first two weeks of the semester. It is recommended that students who want to use a proficiency exam to fulfill their language requirement should take the exam in their first year in case they do not pass the test. In the case that you do not prove proficiency through the exam, you must still fulfill the language requirement by enrolling in language classes. Keep in mind you can only take a proficiency exam once. Spanish, French, German and Portuguese proficiency exams are administered by SIPA. Proficiency exams in another language may be arranged through the department teaching in that language. A placement exam is taken by any student who has had exposure to a language, but may not be fluent. Language placement tests allow academic advisors to identify the appropriate language course in which students are most likely to succeed given their current level of proficiency. Keep in mind you can only take a placement test for a language once. An example of someone who might take a placement exam is someone who took several years of a language in high school or college and does not speak the language fluently but might be able to test out of the elementary level courses. A placement exam might place a student into an intermediate level course whereby that student would have to take fewer semesters to reach the Intermediate Level II course with a grade of B or above to complete the language requirement quicker. Placement exams should be arranged through the department teaching in that language. For additional information on SIPA’s exam policies and procedures, click here. Can an incoming SIPA student who is not fluent in a language other than English take a proficiency exam? While any student may sign up to take a proficiency exam, it is not recommended that anyone take a proficiency exam in a language they know they are not fluent in. If the student has some experience in the language but knows they are not fluent, it probably makes more sense to take a placement exam. Does undergraduate coursework in a foreign language count toward SIPA’s language requirement, or is it taken into consideration for the placement or proficiency exams? Undergraduate coursework will not be considered in evaluating a student for either a placement or proficiency exam. The student must display their level of command of the language through the exams. How many languages are offered at Columbia University? How many of those languages have proficiency and/or placement exams? In any given semester, Columbia offers upwards of 50 languages either on the Morningside campus, or through collaborative agreements with NYU (the NYU-Columbia Exchange) or with Yale and Cornell through the Shared Course Initiative. In the former case, students have to travel downtown to the NYU campus. In the latter, instruction is conducted through a videoconferencing arrangement. SIPA offers proficiency exams in Spanish, French, German and Portuguese. Exams for other languages may be arranged through the specific language department. You can find a complete listing of language departments at Columbia here. What languages are offered to SIPA students to take? All language courses offered at Columbia University are available for SIPA students to take. In any given semester, Columbia offers upwards of 50 languages either on the Morningside campus, or through collaborative agreements with NYU (the NYU-Columbia Exchange) or with Yale and Cornell through the Shared Course Initiative. In the former case, students have to travel downtown to the NYU campus. In the latter, instruction is conducted through a videoconferencing arrangement.   The Columbia Language Resource Center also has a partnership with New York University through which students may take courses at NYU. The NYU Exchange offered Akkadian, Aramaic, Cantonese, Ancient Egyptian, Haitian Kreyol, Irish, Quechua, and Filipino to Columbia students in 2015. Check the website for updated course offerings each semester. If a student wishes to enroll in a course other than what is listed on the NYU Exchange website each semester, they may petition for the course to be added (while this is possible, do not assume that any class will be automatically added). Can I take a proficiency exam if the language isn’t offered at Columbia? If you would like to take a proficiency exam in a language that is not offered at Columbia, please visit the Columbia Language Resource Center to see a list of exams offered by the Language Resource Center or by New York University through their partnership. What do language classes look like at Columbia? Language classes meet more often than other SIPA courses for the simple fact that learning a language requires consistent practice throughout the week. The formats vary depending on the language, course level and instructor, but generally they meet three to four times a week for 1 hour and 15 minutes per class. Advanced courses generally meet three times a week. Certain languages considered particularly hard to learn, like Arabic and Chinese, meet 5 times a week. Homework will also vary depending on the level and instructor, but often elementary courses consist of vocabulary and grammar practice while intermediate and advanced level courses focus more on composition, speaking, presenting, and doing research in the language. You can search specific class meeting days and times by looking at the language department’s course listings.   Many of the language departments also offer extracurricular opportunities to practice the language through informal chats or to learn more about different cultures that speak the language.   Where can I read more about SIPA language policies and languages offered at Columbia? MIA Language Proficiency Requirement   FAQ page for the MIA program   SIPA Exam Policies Procedures Columbia Language Resource Center Proficiency Testing Information Now that you know all about SIPAs  foreign language proficiency requirement, do you have questions about what to include in your Language Resume for your application? See our recent post about the Quantitative and Language Resumes here.  And remember that applications for Fall 2016 are due by January 5th for fellowship consideration, and the final deadline is February 5th!

Everyman As A Morality Play - 1413 Words

â€Å"Everyman† is regarded as a morality play that was written in late 15th century. According to Michael A. Babcock, author of the story of Western culture, â€Å"Morality plays can be explained in best ways because of allegories figure out efforts made between seven virtues and seven vices contained in heart of man†. The play is a picture of what Christians should do or how they should spend their lives to save their souls from being convicted by death (Yaw Adu-Gyamfi P.265). The understanding of death in â€Å"Everyman† play is influenced by how people live their lives. The play brings out an idea of how people struggle to choose between worldly things and the ultimate spiritual judgment. The conflict between riches, relationship and the spiritual enrichment, heaven and hell and God’s verdict seems to be on the rise in the play. Babcock also states, â€Å"Everyman is a struggle between good and evil, between seven virtues as well as seven vices† . (167). we see how life is a transitory, when the play documents Everyman’s journey from sinful life to sin free life and finally to a holy death. Everyman tries to talk to his friends to accompany him on the long journey, but they abandon him in time of need. In fact, Fellowship responds to Everyman by saying, â€Å"Whether ye have loved me or no, by Saint John, I will not with thee go† (Line 287). Even a close cousin also not willing to go along with you, she makes excuse of having a pain in her toe (Lines 356). In this respect, Julian Paulson notes,Show MoreRelatedThe Morality Play Everyman 1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe morality play â€Å"Everyman† is a play during the medieval period that represent all mankind while dramatizing evil characters and good characters. The play upholds Christian virtues as the characters are presented with abstract qualities. The play starts with God talking to Death to convey a message to Everyman a pilgrimage he must take because of the sins that everyman has commented. God is upset with everyman because of unkind acts, plentiful sins, and worldly riches that man has comment ed whileRead MoreEveryman as a Morality Play1112 Words   |  5 Pagesfind the stimulus which leads to the rebirth of drama. Such was the popularity that most of the performances had to be taken to the streets. The Catholic Church started the Dramatized form of familiarizing the stories of the Bible through the Miracle Plays where all the miracles that were in the Bible were acted out Especially in the Mass, were developed as part of the elaborate ceremonial of great religious feasts such like Easter. The Authorities were quick to appreciate the instructional value ofRead MoreEveryman Is A Morality Play1720 Words   |  7 PagesEveryman is a morality play that was written in the late fifteenth-century, by an unknown author. It is unknown who originally wrote the play. It has been said that maybe Monks and Priests of that time wrote these types of plays. Therefore, it is believed that the play was probably written by multiple people. Morality plays were written to show people how they should act in the eyes of God and how the way they live their lives will affect them after death. Everyman seeks to persuade the audienceRead MoreEveryman As A Medieval Morality Play1684 Words   |  7 PagesEveryman is a example of a medieval morality play.1 The play is a work portraying how God in heaven sends death to call forth every creature to present itself before him to answ er for every action in this world. It shows the audience and readers what goes on in life and ending of it all through death. From the very beginning, the play classically shows that it deals with human experiences with the focus on morals. Everyman is a Christian play written to promote Christianity as a religion. At theRead More English Morality Play Everyman Essay2045 Words   |  9 PagesIn the English morality play â€Å"Everyman†, whose author is unknown, characters of the play try to find what Everyman really values in his life. When Everyman realizes that he has not been living a life focused on God. Instead, Everyman has been focusing more on worldly issues and riches than he should have. Once the play goes on further, Everyman is then approached by a character, whose name is Death. At that time, Everyman notices that he is about to die. However, he also realizes that all the earthlyRead MoreEveryman Is An English Morality Play By An Unknown Author1493 Words   |  6 Pagesas â€Å"The Summoning of Everyman†, â€Å"Everyman† was writing sometime during the late 1400s. â€Å"Everyman† is an English morality play by an unknown author. 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This is otherwise known as an allusion. â€Å"This allusion is perceived as the writer’s compassion for everybody who experiences universals fear of death, pain and ageingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Everyman As An English Morality Play1277 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Everyman† is an English morality play whose author is unknown. It dates back to the 16th century and was first seen in England. The play depicts a man who is caught up in a secular world and is more concerned with worldly riches than nurturing his spiritual life. He seems content until Death is sent to tell him his life is over and he must now give an account to God of how he lived his life. The author uses allegory characters to describe moral qualities and abstractions in Everyman’s life. (AllegoryRead MoreEnglish Research Paper1622 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Death in Everyman† Research Paper ENG102_D27: Literature Fall D 2010 Peggy Jean English, ID#3591339 APA Format Title: â€Å"Death in Everyman† Thesis Statement: The message of death in Everyman is associated with the search of the reasoning of life. Outline: Paragraph 1: Introduction and Thesis Statement Paragraphs 2-13: Explains the play, its characters, the author’s interpretation of the play, and the author’s perception of death and the treatment of death. Paragraph 14: Conclusion Read MorePerspective on Death in the Play Everyman Essays1344 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Everyman may have been written many years ago, but its lessons are still relevant today. Generally, the facts of death are very traumatizing and in fact unthinkable. This leads the modern day Everyman to ignore its significance, dying without acknowledging or reflecting on their lives here on earth. It is based on this fact that this paper aims to show the position of the author of the play â€Å"Everyman† regarding death. History of the Play Like many other morality- allegorical plays, Everyman

Essay on Psychology The Mozart Effect - 1332 Words

Psychology is a formative science that has led to revolutionary discoveries as to how the human brain functions, develops and in some instances, can be enhanced. Although these fundamental objectives are a valuable resource within our community, it is vital that they are of verity and can be replicated; if not they are redundant to the field. Unfortunately, due to its youth, psychological science does not have a strict system of checks and balances to ensure that remittance procedures can consistently be undertaken for false claims. To this end, this essay will evaluate the questionable validity of the â€Å"Mozart Effect†. The Mozart Effect implies that playing Mozart to a baby will increase its cognitive abilities, a claim which has†¦show more content†¦This an area of the brain, associated with cognitive arousal and complex visual transformation processes involved with mental rotation of three-dimensional shapes and similar difficult spatial tasks (Chabris, C. 1999 ). Thus extrapolating that the Mozart effect does not ‘make babies smarter’, it only marginally improves a participant’s spatial intellect immediately after music stimuli. This collaboration of studies provides a broad scope of multiple findings which can account for any anomalies or outliers within individual study findings, however it also inhibits specificity of the results as there is no control of experimental procedures. Further limitations are the varying ages of participants and measurement of results. Ultimately, however, this meta-analysis significantly indicates that even if listening to Mozart was an effective cognitive enhancement, the benefits would only have a moderate effect of a short duration. A more detailed study supported this meta-analysis via its focus on child development and the lack of validity and longevity with the Mozart effect. Dubbing the Mozart effect â€Å"another quick fix† it concluded that Mozart, whether played to or ta ught to children does not exhibit any long term benefits for cognition (Jones, S. 2002). Although the original study (Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., Ky, K.Show MoreRelatedClassical Music: The Mozart Effect Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mozart effect is a phenomena whereby listening to ten minutes of Mozart’s music, a person’s spatial IQ is boosted by 8-9 points (on the Stanford-Binet IQ Scale), in comparison to listening to ten minutes of a relaxation tape or silence (Rauscher, Shaw and Ky, 1993). This literature review critically assesses the key works and concepts concerning the Mozart effect, specifically its methodologies, its limits, and finally, alternative theories. While some academics argue that ‘listening to MozartRead MoreDoes Playing Mozart to Babies Make Them Smarter? Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mozart Effect Resource Centre website, music educator Don Campbell made the claim that â€Å"classical music has a powerful effect on the intellectual and creative development of children from the very youngest of ages.† (Campbell , n.d.). To critically evaluate this claim a number of sources have been analysed. Through this analysis it was found that the claim cannot be supported by reliable empirical research and that classical music only produces short-term cognitive enhancement. This effect canRead MoreDerogatory Music s Effects On Overall Mood And Test Performance1160 Words   |  5 Pages Derogatory Music’s Effects on Overall Mood and Test Performance Rebecca Smith Arcadia University Derogatory Music’s Effects on Overall Mood and Test Performance We believe that music with certain messages can have an effect on mood states. In this experiment we will be looking at how derogatory music will affect the mood state and test performance of women. We believe that music that has sexist themes will result in low mood states and test results of the females in that conditionRead MoreThe Mozart Effect Essay931 Words   |  4 PagesIt has long been believed that music can evoke specific thoughts and feelings from the listener. But can music –specifically the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- summon hidden intelligences within the human brain? That is the question scientists are trying to answer. In the mid-nineties, scientists, Frances Rauscher, Gordon Shaw and Katherine Ky, claimed that music could boost the listener’s intelligence up to 9 points (Steele 2). To many, this allegation seemed a bit far-fetched and soon otherRead MoreMozart Effect And Its Effect On Mental Development1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe Idea of the Mozart effect came at a time when scientists were trying to merge the aspect of psychology (the science of the mind), and neuroscience (the science of the brain). Scientists felt that music plays a major role in the learning and thinking processes (â€Å"The Mozart Effect†). The Mozart effect refers to the resultant enhanced mental performance that arises when one listens to Mozart’s music. It is suggested that listening to Mozart makes one smarter by improving their spatial intelligenceRead MoreMozart Effect Field Research1740 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Mozart Effect Field Research PSYCH/600 Diana Slade September 30, 2013 Dr. Debra Jennings Mozart Effect Field Research Many parents have come to believe that music, especially classical music played during pregnancy or in the nursery of their newborns would make their precious bundle of joy smarter. Is there science to prove that this is true, or is it just a quick way to sale books, cd, and videos’. The Mozart Effect drove expectant mothersRead MoreMozart Effect1414 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mozart Effect† The Mozart effect has two general definitions. 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In related experiments, long-term effects of music were studied in groups of pre-schoolRead MoreMusic Makes Children Smarter : Music Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagessubjects. Universities have concluded that a specific part of our brain had a major role that can progress to become intellectual when exposed to classical music, and later on, was exposed to another conclusion, that classical music, only has rapid effect in specific amount of time. Professors and theorists dispute with disagreement that listening to classical music is uncertain and does not necessarily make pe ople smarter. Listening to other music other than classical, however, was proven to be moreRead MoreGrit Vs. Iq : Cognitive Development Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesGrit vs IQ: Essentiality Towards Cognitive Development Cognitive development can be defined as a field of study in  neuroscience  and  psychology revolving around the growth of the brain (Schacter Woods 2009). This development is the evolution of skills such as, information processing, perceptual skills, conceptual resourcing, language knowledge and other brain development traits (ibid). Passion and determination towards long term goals (otherwise known as ‘grit’) are parts of cognitive

Similarities and Differences of Iphones and Android Phones” Free Essays

Similarities and Differences of Iphones and Android Phones† â€Å"Similarities and Differences of iPhones and Android phones† The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Incorporation. The iPhone runs Apple’s OS mobile operating system. This device’s has a multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard and a Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Similarities and Differences of Iphones and Android Phones† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why buy iPhone? iPhones are very famous and expensive but it gives what the user wants like Entertainment, Communication and Internet connectivity. In Communication the iPhone allows audio conferencing, call holding, call merging, caller ID, and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For example, if music is playing when a call is received, the music fades out, and fades back in when the call has ended. In Entertainment the iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audio books, and a compilation which helps the user manage his or her songs. In Internet connectivity the Internet access is available when the iPhone is connected to a local area Wi-Fi or a wide area network which allow the user to browse the internet. For me the iPhone nowadays are very expensive and unaffordable especially the latest versions of the phone. The only problem with iPhone is that it only runs application made by Apple Inc. , but it is reliable for the user because of its features and performance in different ways and it also goes with the flow of modern time. Android Phones† An Android Phone is a smart phone built with an Android mobile operating system, with more advanced computing capability and connectivity than a feature phone. This phone also has the same features with an iPhone but not all because an Android phone only runs application compatible to its OS. Why buy an Android Phone? An Android Phone also has a qualified performance that can match an iPhone and it is more affordable than an iPhone. Some examples of companies that pr ovide android OS to†¦ How to cite Similarities and Differences of Iphones and Android Phones†, Papers

Business Event Management Management

Question: Task 1 1. Write a report on the benefits of carrying out an identified event or project within an agreed time scale in order to meet the need of the project 2. List all the documents that are required for such an event using your experience as an event planner to evaluate and analyse the importance of these documents3. In your report you must ensure that resources that are required for this event are listed and their benefits to the project/event are discussed and documented within your report4. The final part of your report should give a critical analysis of how reviews and evaluations including the methods and resources were carried out Task 2 1. In your report you will document how you will Set up the Project, choose the completion date and allocate responsibilities2. Detail within your report what leadership, effective time management skills will be necessary to pull such an event /project off3. Assess and document the significance of stakeholder analysis when formulating new strategy4. Take corrective action if necessary to keep the project on schedule and document this in your report Task 3 1. Choose the Appropriate size team and document each persons role writing down what skills this person has in adding value to the project, and hence why you choose that person to play that role2. Document within your report what types of team building and conflict management skills are required when diffusing anger 3. Detail methods of co-ordination and communication used, and why you believe they were the most appropriate methods. Do not forget to include documents i.e. minutes of meeting, emails, telephone call logs etc.4. What, why and how are resources going to be used in order to ensure the project is a success? Task 4 1. Create clear records of communication both internally, externally and of team meetings.2. Document where use of information technology has been used 3. Produce information clearly, regularly and on time documenting when and what was produced. Answer: Task 1 1. A project has its own benefits to the company. Some of the project benefits are given below All the projects are based on some specific objectives which in return delivers benefits to the taxpayers, companies, the general public, the government of the nation in which the country is situated, the sponsoring of the organisation and also the stakeholders and the delivery partners. It will cause the business to operate in a different technique in order to carry out the operations. It will help to create new form of outputs and deliverables that will enable the benefits to be realised. They also help to create a specific, temporary management for the organisation which carries out the governance arrangements setup for the duration of the project. The risk they are susceptible to can be found during these projects or events which are usually absent in the day to day operational work of the organisation. The involvement of the organisations stakeholders from different parts of the organisations increase the involvement of the stakeholders in the organisation. The use of new and unfamiliar methods of operations in the organisations are carried out which might be more efficient than the previously used methods. 2. The purpose of the project initiation document is to provide the information required by senior management and stakeholders to enable them to commit to the resources and timelines proposed. It is a form of contract between the Project Manager and Project Board that defines how the project will be run. The PID provides a detailed proposition against which success can be measured. To do this the PID builds on the approved Project Brief by defining in detail how the project will be developed and when it will be delivered. The PID is presented to the project board in order to get a clear information about the views of the key stakeholders and therefore can be considered as valid. This is an essential stage in the process to ensure commitment and buy-in from all interested parties to the proposed outcomes. The detailed analysis undertaken for the PID will uncover increased costs or risks such that the project is cancelled. This is a strength of the staged project process as it avoids significant resources being expended on the wrong project. The development of the project initiation document takes place by the following methods Accountabilities, roles and responsibilities of the project team and inclusion of the part time team members also should be accountable. An activity plan like the Gantt chart should be used on which each deliverable should be completed. This will also include dependencies and milestone. An updated assessment of Risks, including their probability and impact, as well as some mitigation plans and contingency arrangements. The updated cost and benefit analysis, particularly a detailed resource and timing plan Governance plan that details how the project will be monitored and controlled in terms of decision points, reports and reporting cycles, including whether updates will be on an exception or ongoing basis. Communications Plan that will start to determine how the project will be communicated to the different audiences, including the press. 3. The following resources are to be utilized when planning an entire project The purpose of the plan has to be clear in order to gain commitment and approval of the project for the day to day management and control, in order to establish feasibility or the viability in order to define the contingency arrangements. The scope of the plan has to be clear within the viable resources. The objectives have to be planned according to the plan of the project. Any presence of the constraints like that of the resource availability and the mandated delivery dates should be included in the high structure understanding of the plan. The identification of the interim and the final deliverables required from the project should be specified. The contents of the deliverables, the organisation responsible for them, the dependency of the deliverables, the quality characteristics that can be built onto it, the types of the quality checks required, the skills and resources required and also the quality checks should be specified for each of the deliverables. The involvement of experts in the projects who will understand the detail of the development are also valuable resources. The breakdown of the large activities into smaller segments and the skills required to carry out each of the objectives are also resources for the project. The recruitment, procurement, training and the induction activities are the important resources for the project (Wright, 2002). 4. The process of evaluation and review of the projects can be carried out by the technique of PERT (project evaluation and review techniques) that helps to give better time estimation for any project, by keeping records for the uncertainty when the predictions of the duration of the task was carried out. As a project manager anyone can predict the task durations and also the best, worst and the most probable duration of time for each activity and determine the average completion time. This ca be done by taking the probabilities of the three estimates and then calculating the estimating the expected value. The critical path analysis has some advantages and disadvantages alike. It makes possible to identify the relationship between the different task and activities. The resources can be planned and allocated from using it like in case of staff planning, it would also act as good communication and planning tool for the time management. Though it has its own disadvantages too like the assumption of trade-off between time and money but most of the staff cost could be non-variable cost, the complexity of the diagram will also increase on including more activities and also the uncertainty pertaining to the duration of the activities and can be poor prediction for the elapsed time (Wateridge, 2001). Task 2 1. Without the careful planning of the project it will be very likely to fail and achieve its objectives. In case of smaller project it is possible that one plan may be used to define the entire scope of work and all the resources needed to carry out that work. For larger projects, planning will be carried out at different levels of detail at different times. In all types and sizes of project one must be prepared to re-plan in the light of experience The project PID might contain the following the things in its first version The description of the plan like in form of narrative of the plans purpose Pre-requisites or the things that must be in place for the plan to succeed External dependencies like commitments required from outside agencies Planning Assumptions like availability of resources Gantt or Bar chart showing the stages or activities involved n the project. Financial budget or the planned expenditure Resource requirements for e.g. in a table produced using a spreadsheet or project planning. The steps of the planning are the manager has to make sure that everyone understands the project's desired outcome, scope, objectives, constraints, assumptions and the purpose and level of detail of the plan one must produce. The deliverables are to be created according to the result of the plans. The activities are to be specified clearly that are necessary to develop deliverables. The activities are to be put in a logical sequence taking into account interdependencies. Estimate resource requirements for the people, skills, effort, money and other things that will be needed to carry out each activity. Estimate the timescale for each activity like for elapsed duration. To schedule the work from the target start date onwards To define the project management progress controls and decision points clearly. To identify the risks and the uncertainties clearly (Ward and Chapman, 2003). 2. The sooner the project board gives the permission to start the project the role of the project manager becomes vital and is responsible as the leader in the whole operation, its his duty to run the project as close as possible to the approved plan and to do so the leadership roles carried out by him are Allocation of the work to the project teams in accordance with the plan. To monitor progress during development of the deliverables products by the team. To ensure that the deliverables meet specified levels of quality To ensure that the delivery of completed deliverables is made to the required destination. To monitor costs and use of resources To report progress and exceptions to the Project Board via highlight reports (Rodney Turner, 2004). 3. In order to manage stakeholder relationships one must carry out the following activities The identification of the stakeholders is very important. The analysis of their attitudes to, and potential need for involvement in, the project. To establish the stakeholder management strategy to ensure a consistent, appropriate and cost-effective approach is adopted across the project. Identification of the potential approaches to engage, manage relationships and communicate. Select the approaches that are likely to be effective cost-effective proportionate and affordable and formalised as a Communications Plan in order to build them in to the Project Plan as appropriately resourced and scheduled activities. Execute the plan, monitor its effectiveness and revise as necessary (Randolph, 2014). 4. In order to achieve the scheduled management plan by exception the project manager has to be provided with the authority to deal with the inevitable small deviations from the plan. For the larger deviations such as those which occurs due to request for change, poor estimation or by delays in deliveries by the external agencies which requires the following steps to be taken Setting delegated limits or tolerances which the Project Board should set limits to the allowable deviations from planned cost and schedule so that the Project Manager knows how much delegated authority is available to manage deviations from plan. The Project Manager may use an exceptional Highlight Report to notify the Project Board of any forecast or actual deviations from plan beyond delegated limits. Positive sorts of exception should also be reported to the authority. The exception planning and decision making by the Project manager should be allowed by the Project Board to replace the current plan which is no longer viable (Ponnappa, 2014). Task 3 1. Staffing of the project with the right skills and at the right place is the sole responsibility of the project management team and yet it is the most important responsibility in the project management. There are generally two types of members in the project team known as the functional managers and the process managers. Being a training project the functional managers and their team focus on the technology of the project and they would include the engineers and the construction superintendents, professional trainers, software development managers etc. the process managers are the people who have expertise in cost estimation, cost tracking, and scheduling. The need of the both the functional and process manager. The staffing plan for a project typically reflects both the long-term goals of skilled team members needed for the project and short-term commitment that reflects the nature of the project. Exact start and end dates for team members are often negotiated to best meet the needs of individuals and the project. The staffing plan is also determined by the different phases of the project. Team members needed in the early or conceptual phases of the project are often not needed during the end phases or project closeout phases. Team members needed during the execution phase are often not needed during the conceptual or closeout phases. A core management team is the team which is the most important as they are involved in the project from the starting to the close out. The core team would include members of the project management team which includes the project manager, project controls, project procurement, and key members of the function management or experts in the technology of the projec t. Although longer projects may experience more team turnover than shorter projects, it is important on all projects to have team members who can provide continuity through the project phases. The organization that charters the project can assign talented managers and staff from functional units within the organization, contract with individuals or agencies to staff positions on the project, temporarily hire staff for the project, or use any combination of these staffing options. This staffing approach allows the project manager to create the project organizational culture which is determined by the project manager and determines the roles of the members working in the project (Kerzner, 2001). 2. A risk or conflict is an area of uncertainty that forms a threat or a opportunity to the project. Most of the attention to risk will be to avoid or reduce the likelihood of events that might be the cause of the project to be thrown off course. To manage and mitigate risks, the first task is to identify them, assess the likelihood of them happening and estimate the impact they might have on the project. The identification and consideration of risk is an integral part of project management. The aversion of conflicts and risk requires to take the following steps To keep a clear understanding of the achievement of the aims and the goals of the project. Focus on the matters that can be achieved even with a small bit of a conflict rather than totally avoiding the path, because sometimes a little conflict is important to the success of a project. The management of averting risks is based on subjective and qualitative judgements. Risk or conflict is not just about finance but it applies to all decisions regarding the business at all levels that includes operational, regulatory and reputational factors. To support the decisions in a bureaucratic process by supporting them with proper documentation (Index of 2013 Project Management Journal Papers and Authors, 2014). 3. For the completion of a complex project successfully communication is required which is provided by team work and communication among them. Though if they are in the same building, it is not a problem but most of the teams are globally separated in todays economy and the type of meetings in the same building are not possible. These teams are therefore called virtual teams as they use electronics method of communicating. The communications can be done by two methods, synchronous and asynchronous, where synchronous means that all the members are taking part in the exchange of communication at the same time. In asynchronous the participants are not taking part in the meeting at the same time. To carry on the communications a various technologies require a number of compatible devices, software, and service providers, and communication with a global virtual team can involve many different time zones (Hyvri, 2006). 4. During the start-up phase, the project leader develops the project infrastructure used to design and execute the project. A team is formed to create agreement among project stakeholders on the goals, cost, and completion date. Plans for executing the project, managing the schedule and quality, and controlling the budget are created. The scope statement establishes project parameters that define what will be done. Project quality begins with the specifications of materials and labour. A quality plan creates a process for assuring the requirements and specifications of the project. Quality improvement tools can be applied to projects if the company has several similar projects. Team members are selected to manage functions and processes. The staffing plan assigns people as needed. The risk on a project reflects the number of things that can possibly happen that will have a negative effect on the project and the probability of those events happening. The communication methods are implemented in order to make everyone stay connected to the team (Hearkens, 2002). Task 4 1. In order to create clear records of communication between the internal, external communications it is important to develop some skills which will be effective in communication. They are as following Writing skills are very important for the implementation of a project as it is the best medium to get the right messages across to a specific audience. It is important to make sure that ones text harmonise with the overall communication strategy. Messages can be explicit or clearly stated as information, implicit or intended for subliminal or emotional impact and can work better when one is explaining the theme of a message to their team members. Research of the main statements of the project and also of the recent statistics and official information give credibility to the arguments one keeps in the meetings. The organisation of the statements and the information systematically is very important to make point in the meetings as well as to encourage the team members (Eric Kirkland, 2014). 2. The following implementations can be brought in the project management by the help of information technology Information technology can help create an integrated toolbox for the companies that consistently struggle to succeed in managing projects clearly define what needs to be done. They use an integrated toolbox, including project management tools, methods, and techniques. They carefully select tools, align them with project and business goals, link them to metrics, and provide them to project managers to deliver positive result. IT can develop a streamlined project delivery process where the winning companies have examined every step in the project delivery process, analysed fluctuations in workloads, searched for ways to reduce variation, and eliminated bottlenecks to create a repeatable delivery process. All projects go through clear stages and clearly define key milestones. All project leaders use a shared road map, focusing on key business aspects of their projects while integrating goals across all parts of the organization. IT can help to measure project health using metrics. Companies that excel in project delivery use performance metrics to quantify progress. They focus on a handful of important measurements and apply them to all projects. Metrics often include customer satisfaction, return on investment, and percentage of schedule buffer consumed (Deeprose, 2002). 3. It can be recorded successfully by creating a project closure checklist which should include the following queries Check that whether the work was completed according to the PID. To check whether the project deliverables have been created, quality controlled, accepted and handed over to those who will operate and maintain them. To check the person who is responsible for ongoing operation, training and maintenance of the deliverables been accepted by appropriate parts of the organisation To check the persons who provided resources have been informed of impending project closure. To check that whether all risks that might affect the achievement of benefits been communicated to an appropriate owner in the organisation. Whether the project management documentation been archived for future reference (Davidson Frame, 2014). References Davidson Frame, J. (2014). Reconstructing Project Management.Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.e2-e2. Deeprose, D. (2002).Project management. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Eric Kirkland, C. (2014). Project Management: A Problem-Based Approach.Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.e3-e3. Heerkens, G. (2002).Project management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hyvri, I. (2006). Project management effectiveness in project-oriented business organizations.International Journal of Project Management, 24(3), pp.216-225. Index of 2013 Project Management Journal Papers and Authors. (2014).Project Management Journal, 45(1), pp.88-89. Kerzner, H. (2001).Project management. New York: John Wiley. Ponnappa, G. (2014). Project Stakeholder Management.Project Management Journal, 45(2), pp.e3-e3. Randolph, S. (2014). Maximizing Project Value: A Project Manager's Guide.Project Management Journal, 45(2), pp.e2-e2. Rodney Turner, J. (2004). Viennese Project Management-Days Project and Emotions.International Journal of Project Management, 22(4), pp.271-272. Ward, S. and Chapman, C. (2003). Transforming project risk management into project uncertainty management.International Journal of Project Management, 21(2), pp.97-105. Wateridge, J. (2001). Successful Project Management.International Journal of Project Management, 19(3), p.191. Wright, J. (2002). Effective Project Management.International Journal of Project Management, 20(8), p.633.

New York Growth Essays - East Coast Of The United States

New York Growth For a number of reasons, business enterprise in New York grew by leaps and bounds between 1825 and 1860. New York's growth between the years 1825 and 1860 can be attributed to a number of factors. These include but cannot be limited to the construction of the Erie Canal, the invention of the telegraph, the developed of the railroads, the establishment of Wall Street and banking, the textile, shipping, agriculture and newpaper industries, the development of steam power and the use of iron products. On October 26, 1825 the Erie Canal was opened. The canal immediately became an important commercial route connecting the East with the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. With tht time of travel cut to one-third and the cost of shipping freight cut to one-tenthof the previous figures, commerce via the canal soon made New York City the chief port of the Atlantic. The growing urban population and the contruction of canals, railroads and factories stimulated the demand for raw materials and food stuffs. In 1836 four-fifths of the tonnage over the Erie Canal came from western New York (North, 105). Much of this cargo was in the form of agriculture goods. The farmer become a shrewed businessaman of sorts as he tended to produce whatever products would leave him the greatest profit margin. The rise of the dairy industry was by far the most significant development in the agricultural history of the state between 1825 and 1860. Farmers discovered that cows were their most relliable money-makers, since both the domestic and foreign market kept demanding more dairy products (Ellis, 273). Price flucuations became increasingly important for the farming population between 1825 and 1860. Prices rose from the low level of the early 1820's until the middle 1830's and the farmer's shared in the general prosperity (271). Although the rapid industrialization and urbanization of New York had a great deal to do with the success of agricultural markets sporadic demand from aboard as a result of the Irish famine, the Crimean War and the repeal of the Corn Laws in England also contributed(North, 141). During this period Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia, in that order were the leading wheat growing states. Between the years 1840 and 1850 New York ranked first in the production of beef. The absence of politic party differences on issues related to the the growth of democracy existed in regard to the foremost economic questions, there was absolutely no partisan division evident in the movement to incorporate new financial institutions; rather , the primary factors , which the legislators examined, concerned value, feasibility, profit and the location within the state. Dozens of turnpike proposals, most of which werebacked by the Republicans, passed the legislature; but the Federalists cooperated, seeing the chance for profits. Prominent Federalists like John Rutherfurd, John Neilson, William Paterson, John Bayard, and James Parker invested susstanial sums in the turnpike business. There were numerous Republicans who were also vitally interested in the turnpike business (Kass, 150). Bipartisan support also accompanied plans for the construction of bridges and canals. All of the parties contained a large number of adherents from from every level of economic well-being in society. This helps to expain the absence of any clear-cut party differences on the major economic issues of the such as the chartering of banks, the protestive tariff, internal improvements, the development of manufacturing, and the promotion of superior agricultural techniques. Each politcal faction had segments both pro and con on most of these questions, and, inall cases it was opprtunism, the desire for profits, which was decisive in determining one's political position on these economic issues(175). New York's economic growth can also be attributed to the invention of the cotton gin. Cotton had become a boom crop in the south, however, plantation owners were either too engrossed in the production of their crops or too unschooled in business techiniques to handle its distribution. Some just did not want to be bothered. This opened thee door for agents representing New York shipping firms who were only too happy to help them out - for a fee. This scheme not only earned the New York merchants a handsome profit but also solved the problem that without cotton the ship owner would be hards preesed to find adequate cargoes for their return voyages. And so it came about that New York in the nineteeth century became the nation's foremost shipper of cotton(Allen, 108-109). The cotton shipments entering New York harbor were brought to textile mills for processing. A group of New york capitalist estashlished the Harmony

What is Defamation †Law Essay

What is Defamation – Law Essay Free Online Research Papers What is Defamation Law Essay The law of defamation was meant to protect peoples reputations from unfair attack. Over the years, however, it has mutated into a heterogeneous mess invoked by the rich, who can afford to hire people clever enough to navigate the maze that is todays defamation laws, to protect exclude themselves from public scrutiny and criticism. To make things worse, defamation law differs from state to state, allowing those with deep enough pockets to shop around for the jurisdiction that most suits their needs. The sorry state of defamation law in Australia has prompted various calls for reform dating back from when Gareth Evens first took office as Commonwealth Attorney-General in 1983. Yet it is only recently that we seem to be headed for nationally uniform defamation laws. The proposal by the States is likely to bring more uniformity and less confusion to the law of defamation. However, it is likely to be clobbered by the national proposal from the Commonwealth Attorney-Generals department, which is likely to keep defamation in its current place as a weapon for the rich and powerful. One need only examine the proposed amendment to the truth defence to see an example of how defamation can be used by those who can afford to invoke the wrath of the law to protect them from scrutiny. But before we can criticise the proposed truth defence, we need to understand the purpose of defamation law. Purpose of defamation For the purposes of this essay, discussion of defamation will be restricted to the civil tort, which is meant to clear the reputation of the defamed. The criminal offence is meant to punish defamers and protect the community, so would be less of a tool to be used to avoid scrutiny. In fact, because of the level of proof required, a criminal trial may increase the level of scrutiny on a victim relating to the alleged defamation. The law of defamation historically refers to an aggregation of laws relating to slander and libel. Its purpose is and always has been the protection of peoples reputations. The basis for this was an acknowledgement that a good reputation took time and money to build up, like a house. This meant damage inflicted upon it should afford a remedy in the same way that vandalism affords a remedy to property owners. It should be noted that defamation protects a persons reputation, not their character. It does not afford a remedy for wounded pride, sleepless nights, or hurt feelings. Instead, defamation only rectifies damage the the view others hold of you. The distinction between reputation and character is an important one, which has been confused even by judges. Another source of confusion is the cause of action in defamation. When a defamatory statement is published, it is not the reprehensible motive of the publisher that gives rise to an action, but rather the effect of the statements published (and whether there was a legal basis for their publication). Defamation does not punish a publisher for thinking malice towards the victim, but rather for hurting the victims reputation. In this way, it is similar to the tort of negligence, which is not concerned with the intent of the negligent party, only the effect of their actions (and whether they fulfilled their legal duty). The protection of peoples reputations inevitably will come into conflict with any pre-existing right to free speech. Defamation law has to balance these two rights, weighing the right to free speech against the right of people to their reputations. Today, free speech is encouraged by allowing people, at the common law to publish the truth without fear of being liable for defamation. The problem with privacy Whats private? Definition difficulties. Whatevers private is removed from public discussion. Defamations no good for protecting privacy. Research Papers on What is Defamation - Law Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of IndiaWhere Wild and West MeetEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresQuebec and Canada

English composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English composition - Essay Example For instance, one may say, â€Å"It is my joy to serve you because I love you†. This would mean, it is one’s pleasure to serve a person he loves, that there would be no complaints or difficulties in doing the job. joy is a feeling that lifts the heart of a person so that whatever hardships may come, they would seem nothing compared to the pleasure one finds in accomplishing a task. It almost makes someone strong in everything he does because the feeling that it brings seem to lift the burdens up and makes things light and easy. Joy may also be expressed in merriments like festivities where giving is a distinguished feature, with the abundance of food, drinks and stories that make the attendees enjoy the time and event. Probably, one who is truly joyful could be such light hearted as to be so generous not only in material things but also in being kind to irritating people, loving one’s enemies and being at peace with them. It may be observed that a joyful person seems to have a magnetic force within him that attracts people to join his company and enjoy the time spent with him without a dull moment. This could be due to the influence one could bring to other people when he has joy in his heart. As they say, a smile could be epidemic, so joy could be more infectious. Joy could also be a person or thing which is a source of happiness and satisfaction. For example, a beloved child could be a parent’s joy. Whatever achievements the child may have would bring a sense of pride however, for a child who is said to be a source of joy, achievements would just be bonuses for them and not the source of joy itself. A well loved child, no matter what becomes of him, if he is considered a joy, would still be loved and well accepted without achievements. Although it is every parent’s desire for their children to become achievers, if one is considered a parent’s joy, achievements are not the basis of being proud and happy about them

Marketing Mix Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Mix - Research Paper Example The products are high priced. Apple as a brand is regarded as a symbol for high status and trendy fashion. So it can be said that though being a market leader, Apple competes with itself and launches better and improved versions of its own product. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Marketing Mix 5 Product 5 Price 5 Place 6 Promotion 6 Implementation of Marketing Mix in Apple Inc 6 References 8 Introduction Apple Inc is a US based multinational organization engaged in manufacture of digital electronics and computer hardware equipments. The company was founded in the year 1976 by the name of Apple Computers Inc and since then it has grown into a mammoth organization with a formidable brand image. In the year 2007 the company renamed itself as Apple Inc. The company is presently listed on the bourses of the NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange. The company is presently headed by Tim Cook one of the most dynamic business leaders of the modern world. The company is known for its innovati ons in technology and bringing out cutting edge technology products that are unmatched by any of its competitors in the market. Apple Inc was one of the pioneers in the industry that designed computers like mackintosh (Apple, 2011). The mission and vision of the organization is to be an innovative market player that manufactures products that are unique, distinctive and highly innovative in the market. The main mission statement of the organization is an apple at every desk. The company aims to create innovations that are simple yet elegant and are highly technology intensive. The company’s mission is to provide the best quality and innovative products to customers across the globe. The company aims to be a global leader in its product category and has accordingly made a global presence by having a dedicated presence in almost all the major economies of the world. The vision and mission statements can be largely correlated with its business strategies that involved launch of products like I-phones, I-pad’s that are highly technology intensive and have attracted a huge attention from the target market audience by virtue of their innovative features. Marketing Mix Product Apple Inc has an impressive product portfolio comprised of a large array of innovative product offerings. Apart from the company’s traditional products like Mac the company also manufactures a range of other products including iPod’s, iPhone, and iTunes. IPod’s include portable music players that have a sleek design and highly attractive features that allows audio as well as video files to be run by the user. I-phone is yet another innovation developed by the organization in the lucrative mobile telephone segment. The unique product tries to amalgamate the excitement of a mobile phone with innovative features like excellent graphics and computing options. The delightful looks make it an attractive option for any individual. Apple also made a foray into the sof tware industry with the launch of the Apple I tunes. This product is essentially a music player that is compatible with both iPods as well as personal computers. In addition to this the company has also produced software’s like I sync, Mobile Me etc that are essentially in the software segments. Apple in its most recent activities has launched the

Global Threat Cyberterrorism

Global Threat Cyberterrorism By inner government policy writers, analysts, and the public. The social and global tactics that terrorist cells use, the countries that support terrorist groups, and the policies and procedures that have been used to counter terrorist actions by the target countries are all becoming unmanageable, billions are being spent in security measures but the whole concept is untraceable and can easily change, it is essential to keep the publics confidence. The information age or the technological era is magnificently shaping the way in which terrorists operate; new technologies mean newer weapons with more destructive powers, more ways to cause death and damage. Not only the types of weapons and targets the terrorists select, but also the ways in which terrorist cells have cemented their internal structure and the operation of their organisations (Zanini and Edwards, 2001, p. 30). According to Zanini and Edwards, terrorist organizations are using information technologies, such as computers, telecommunication devices, software, and the Internet to organize and coordinate activities (2001, p. 30). Criminality and Cybercrimes are now continually originating from new technologies, such as the Internet, wireless communications, military sciences this all in all creates many challenges for law enforcement around the world (Sussmann 2000). Responding to Cyberterrorism and investigating computer-related crimes pose challenges for law enforcement, as well as the legal system. There are many loopholes with the justice system that enables those with malicious intent to evade capture. The internet can be of so much use to terrorists, first of all, the communication that can be done over the internet is endless and alot more harder to trace then conventional ways of communication. Electronic mail has become one of the cheapest, quickest and anonymous as well as effective ways of communication today, to communicate with any part of the world. So overall the terrorists of this world are able to use the internet as a platform to communicate and swap information and messages to further their cause. General information on targets like maps and instructions are widely available, terrorist organisations can make their own WebPages to promote their ideologies, distribute propaganda and recruit sponsors or supporters. As being a platform for propaganda they are able to reach the public directly and make their existence known in international circles. Terrorists can also obtain funds through the internet, using services such as PayPal and western union; people can deposit monies anonymously so it is perfect for terrorist organisations to operate. In recent times after atrocities such as September 11th and Afghanistan you have often seen terrorists put up film footage on the internet to promote their groups, when terrorist cells kidnap any westerners, they will publicise their crimes by recording beheadings and playing them live on news sites for the world to see. According to news reporters from NBC who have been abducted previously by Al-Qaeda, claim that within their fortress of caves they have large banks of computer servers, communications devices and mass storage data discs. Hamas are another group that use advanced technology for their cause; they reportedly use 128 256 bit encryption for their files and communications. The more a country is technologically advanced, the more vulnerable it is to attack against its infrastructure, at the last count the number of computers that the USA have installed is just over 180 million, at least 5 times the number that of Japan, seven times as much as in Germany and twice as many as all of Europe combined. US computers account for 42% of the worlds computing power, whilst China represents only a meagre 1% and Russia 8%. The objective of this paper is to provide a general overview of the research; First of all, we look at the critical concepts of this research. These concepts are terrorism, cybercrime, information warfare, and Cyberterrorism. Definition of the Concepts Terrorism Defining the word terrorism itself constitutes problems. The problems that occur when Defining terrorism is the difficulty to have an agreed upon definition of terrorism. In other Words, there is no consensus in the international arena as to what terrorism comprises. No statement has been made to clarify the concepts under which the terrorism heading falls into. The problem emerges from the fact that terrorism is solely a political issue which means A terrorist for one country could be a freedom fighter for another. Furthermore, as Laqueur claimed in 1977 â€Å"It can be predicted with confidence that disputes about a comprehensive, Detailed definition of terrorism will continue for a long time, that they will not result In consensus and that they will make no noticeable contribution to the understanding of terrorism. â€Å" While the statement seems to be vague in character, the true statement of terrorism is in fact much closer to the truth then imagined. Of course the Human Rights Act and other international agreements set the scene for the standards in terms of human rights; but the non existence of procedures for the use of responding to terrorism creates confusing, irregularity and severe turmoil. On top of this, any such effort that is taken by a country which is targeted by cyber terrorists may not have a desired effect since other countries may not consider that group as a terrorist organisation. In terms of legal stature, by not having any by laws as to what Terrorism constitutes, while country 1 may deem a specific act as terrorism, country 2 may judge the action to be a meaningless computer mistake. Enders and Sandler define terrorism as â€Å"the premeditated use or threatened use -of extra-normal violence or force to gain political objectives through intimidation or fear† (1993, p. 829). The US Department of State defines terrorism as â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against non-combatant targets by sub-national Groups or clandestine agents usually intended to influence an audience† (1999). Classes of Information warfare Many authors have written substantial articles on the subject of Cyberterrorism and such activities, the subject itself is deemed to a very grey area with mostly myths and hear say, obviously hackers do exist and they can cause serious and malicious damage to an infrastructure but not all are convinced of their overall threat, many authors publish hard hitting texts to drive the point home that our world is at risk from this ruthless wave of technological storming.In his book, Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway: Information Warfare, Winn Schwartua, talks about the concept of information warfare in comparison to everything around us including politics, economy, power, fear, survival and harmony. He has even led claims that information warfare and information age weaponry will replace bombs and bullets, which are not restricted to the governments of superpowers (Schwartua 1996, p. 16). Schwartua also proposes the classification of information warfare. According to him there are three types of information warfare: Class 1: Personal Information Warfare. This includes attacks against an individuals privacy. Cyber attacks on the personal computer or wireless devices or use of private information about an individual are possible examples of personal information warfare. Class 2: Corporate Information Warfare. This classification involves large corporate companies of magnitude and focuses on the issues of competition between companies, industrial espionage, misinformation, sponsors, shareholders etc Class 3: Global Information Warfare. This type of warfare is â€Å"waged against industries† (p. 195). This level of warfare is waged by the most elite individuals through Internet and other computer network systems according to Schwartau (1996). According to Monge and Fulk (1999), the use of new age computing advancement and various wireless communication devices has led to the establishment of networks in three ways: Firstly, the new technologies have enabled terrorist cells to reduce the transmission time of their encrypted messages so that members of the organization can communicate faster. Secondly, new technologies also reduced communication expenses. Obviously before the internet, as the same with all of mankind, sensitive communication was done by either word of mouth or by coded messages. Not only have new advancements in technology visibly reduced the length of transmission time and considerable expense, but have also significantly increased the scope and complexity of the information due to the combined technologies. Terrorist organisations have now gained their own independence, whereas a time once existed where terrorist and fundamentalist groups were once linked with governments due to lack of financing now have the platform to better finance themselves due to the broader scope of the internet. Zanini and Edwards compare the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), who are considered to be more politically and hierarchical in contrast to the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) and al-Qaeda, these are considered to be more recent forming and less hierarchical groups more intent on bloodshed then political uprising. Dispersed groups find that the advantages of the new technologies eliminate normal problems gained through distance. In particular, using the World Wide Web for communication amongst the cells can not only increase the flexibility of peoples time. In fact, these technologies may enable terrorists to operate from nearly any country in the world (Zanini and Edwards, 2001, p. 38). We are seeing that terrorists gain momentous advantage from new technologies and that the world cannot prevent much, due to the general era that we are in, everyone has access to anything as long as funds are available. The internet provides the best and most effective communication dial-ups between the terrorist organization and its members. Weimann identifies eight different ways that terrorists use the Internet: Psychological Warfare, Publicity and Propaganda, Data Mining, Fundraising, Recruitment and Mobilization, Networking, Sharing Information, Planning and Coordination (2004). Different terrorist organisations have different causes so the web sites they setup can act with a purpose of a communication channel between the various members of the organisation, the supporters and those anonymous sympathisers of the organization, Through this channel, terrorist groups can broadcast their harsh messages to the world stage and have regular updates to their recent campaigning and recent activities. They often use the Web site to justify their violent sadistic murders and killings. These Web sites are a platform to the whole world and can lead to recruitment of potential supporters, and target population or government entities (Weimann 2004). In addition to being a communication method between terrorists and the public, advanced tools, such as; Cryptography Steganography These types of advancements are used by terrorists to convey their messages to the world around them. Here we look at these two tools in more detail; Cryptography Bruce Schneier describes the act of Cryptography as â€Å"the art and Science of securing messages† (as cited in Taylor et al., 2004, p. 29). The method is a process of â€Å"extreme strong encryption† of the data transmitted between sources to a target. Even though this technology can be useful to those in the private and public sectors it can also be an explosive and damaging weapon to hide information from law enforcement agencies. (Slambrouck, 1998). Denning argues that the threat to law enforcement and government agencies is widespread; she explains four ways that the encrypted data presents danger: 1) It will hinder the intelligence community from getting foreign intelligence critical to national security (Denning, 1997). 2) The intelligence community will have hard time retrieving vital Information about any given investigation, 3) It may avoid the law enforcement from gathering evidence to convict offenders, 4) The law enforcement community may be unable to avoid attacks or any harm. (Denning 1997) Members of the group Al-Qaeda have been using the newly advanced computer technologies to communicate and relay information to sub-coordinates around the globe, it has been heard in social circles that Al-Qaeda love the internet as they are able to keep in real time with all information even though they are based within caves in mountainous regions. According to some research forensics evidence that was collected and compiled after the September 11th attacks shows that terrorist cells often used the internet for their vigorous planning before the attacks. Overall the internet is a source of great value to all those who use it whether it maybe for a student at university or a terrorist with plans to blow up an airliner, information is free and in abundance. Terrorists especially from the Arab continent frequently upload their propaganda and messages via news channels as it is the quickest way to get publicised. Most commonly used is the Jazeera TV network, an example of the use of news channels by terrorists is the final message sent to Mohammed Atta of Al Jazeera by the two senior members of Al- Qaeda 3 weeks before September 11th, 2001 attacks, what was sent was a simple code that showed the four targets the Twin Towers, the Pentagon and Capitol Hill which were referred to as faculties† in the message. The communication said, The semester begins in three more weeks. Weve obtained nineteen confirmations for studies in the faculty of law, the faculty of urban planning, the faculty of fine arts and the faculty of engineering.† Many other political and terror organisations within Europe and America use an encryption program known as Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), an easily downloadable program that provides basic and stronger encryption to use within coded emails for intelligence sharing. Steganography Steganography is the art of hiding data within objects such as Documents, pictures etc files (Collin, 1997). It is a wide method used by many organisations as a simple way to hide information from those who do not have the clearance to view but it can also be severely exploited by terrorist organisations. This technology relies on â€Å"security-by-obscurity,† basically the person will know that a message is hidden within and once he accesses it he be able to read the hidden information behind the veil. From the exterior appearance, a picture would be entirely perceived as a normal picture, but an encrypted message can be extracted from that picture if the person knows where to look. Obviously there are some major drawbacks to technological advancements, computer memory is very hard to completely erase and often leave a trail for law enforcement agencies to use against criminals, For instance, in Turkey, towards the end of 2000, practically a thousand members of the radical group, Hezbollah, were arrested in a serious of raids and taken into custody, and allegedly about 20,000 pages of documents were recovered from computer archives (Aras Bacik, 2002). Fund Raising and Promotion In todays day and age, terrorists have so much available to them, websites are full of propaganda and due to the advancements in software language barriers are no problem to overcome (Weimann, 2004). The information that the terrorist Web sites usually give is usually about general history, their activities, their ideology and political statements, current news regarding their activities, as well as information about their targets, often they will also give out rogue information on targets which will get the security services into a twist, but this information is designed to mislead. The way in which the Internet is used to raise money by terrorist organisations is a good example as to how information technology can provide new ways to fund their operations. Cost of Cyberterrorism. Between 1993 and 1995, there were 40 threats made directly to banks in the US and Great Britain. It is reported that in January 1999, a investment bank paid roughly ten million pounds after receiving a threat against their computer systems, the hackers reportedly crashed a computer in order to show the seriousness of their intent, the bank gave in and paid them off, knowing that the authorities were helpless to act and if their systems did crash there would be alot more then 10 million pounds worth of losses. It is estimated that in United Kingdom, during the three years between 1993 and 1995, terrorists gained more than 400 million pounds (Statistics on Cyber-terrorism, 2000). The Security Industry Survey carried out in 1999 largely showed that the number of companies that were successfully penetrated went up from 12% in 1997 to 23% in 1998. Malicious code is used by hackers which attack systems is devastating as the code mutates and leaves systems vulnerable to attack. The most costly malicious code attacks were Low Bug in 2000 at $ 8.75 billion and Code Red at $ 2.62 billion (Wiederin, Hoefelmeyer, and Phillips, 2002) The consequences of cyber terrorist attacks are not as devastating as the physical terrorist attacks, at least until now. For example, cyberspace provides opportunities for e-bombs and cracking down a Web site but the ramifications of these acts seem less significant than the effect of a physical bomb killing hundreds of people in a matter of seconds, such as the bomb attack in Nairobi in 1998 and Oklahoma City in 1995. Regarding the potential attacks outlined by Collin, they would be difficult to execute, because of the human factor in these processes. For example, even if it is possible to hack an air traffic control station, there are pilots who have been trained to double-check unusual commands. Cybercrime Cybercrime can be looked on as computer-related activities which are illegal and or destructive, the sole object points at thievery, dishonest means of obtaining cash or leading others to stray by the attacking of infrastructure. Cybercrime can be conducted through global electronic networks† (Thomas and Loader, 2000, p. 3). Cybercrime can be defined as a crime committed in a cyber environment, including the Internet, computer networks, and wireless communication systems. In other words, cybercrime involves crime committed through use of the personal computer. Cybeterrorism is the word given to acts of malicious intent with the convergence of Cyberspace and Terrorism, networks, servers and computers alongside data storage are constantly at threat from unlawful attacks, for an attack to qualify under the Cyberterrorism heading it should result in violence against persons or property, at the minimum it shouild cause or generate fear. Acts upon infrastructure, economic loss, plane crashes and explosions are all forms of Cyberterrorism. Cyberterrorism and Cybercrime makes the job for law enforcement even harder ,law enforcement and policy makers already struggle under immense pressure to meet targets and maintain the peace proving a safe environment for the public. Due to the nature of cyber-criminals rerouting their trail through international countries, a response to such a malicious threat requires international cooperation involving participation of all concerned parties . However, society today is cased within the technological bubble, everything is controlled by computers and vulnerability emerges from increased reliance on technology, lack of legal measures, and lack of cooperation at the national and international level represents major obstacles toward effective and immediate response to these threats. In all the sheer lack of global peacekeeping in terms of responding to cyberterrorism and cybercrime is the general problem. Pollitt (1997) defines Cyberterrorism as â€Å"the premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against non-combatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents.† Terrorists and cyber criminals will spend sometimes months to exploit vulnerabilities in a system, all the time remaining undetected and hitting key sectors including technical, legal, Political, and cultural, as well as defence. Such a broad range of vulnerabilities can be dealt with by Comprehensive cooperation which requires efforts both at the national and international level. Expert opinions suggest that cyberterrorism is split into three general classifications; Disruptive and destructive information attacks, Disruptive and destructive information attacks Facilitation of technology to support the ideology, and Communication, Fund raising, Recruitment and Propaganda Terrorist use for the Internet Terrorists use the internet for mainly communication, essentially covert operations and as a means for a new command and control infrastructure. Access to information via the Internet and the world wide net, as well as maps for target locations and applications that will help with encryptions and monitoring. Technical data is widely accessible on the net for weapons and bomb construction. Use of the internet as a platform for distributing propaganda on terrorist groups and causes, and related recruitment of individuals, Examples of Attacks In 1998, what was once known as the first attack by terrorists against a countries computer systems was when Tamil guerrillas jammed the servers located at all Sri Lankan Embassies with 800 emails a day over a 2 weeks period with messages such as â€Å"We are the Internet Black Tigers and we are doing this to disrupt your communications† The statement couldnt have been more true, everything stops, whilst security specialists comb the networks using off the shelve virus removers and other software to get rid of the spam. During the Kosovo conflict in 1999, NATO computer systems were targeted in a huge blitz by several eastern European countries in a protest to object against the bombings. Businesses and public organisations with ties to NATO were targeted and considerable money was lost in the turmoil. More recently Estonia was hit by a spate of terror acts from Russia in what is deemed a Cyberterrorism act of vengeance for the movement of a Soviet-era war memorial commemorating an unknown Russian who died fighting the Nazis. Government websites that normally received 1000 hit a day were getting 2000 hits per second, causing the servers to crash and be shut down for hours, even days and weeks. The public just think that a few guys with nothing better to do sit on their pcs and create viruses and mess around, but there is no actual threat to physical life but this is a myth, the business world and people within are often exposed to grave harm. Another example showing the problems of hackers infiltrating web sites and Web site defacement was between attackers from Pakistan and India. At the time of much unrest between Indian and Pakistani soldiers in Kashmir in 1999, both countries computer geniuses also fought in the cyber world. Pakistans experts hacked the Indian Army Web site www.atmyinkashmir.org and left anti-Indian statements about the Kashmir issue. The Indian Government, in retaliation, cut off all network access to the Web site of the prominent Pakistani newspaper, Dawn (Varma, 1999). Processes of attack Different forms of attack are available to hackers and those who wish to deface or destroy data, they use malicious code attacks: â€Å"Malware.† The term malware represents the combination of â€Å"malicious† and â€Å"software† (Furnell, 2000, p. 143). There are different types and processes of malware attacks. The common forms of malware attacks are viruses, worms, Trojan horses and software bombs. These are examined in detail in the following section. Internet worms or Viruses These viruses and worm programs are designed to imbed themselves within the codes of programs and lie dormant till the hacker requires them to destroy or shit down computers; they can hijack the computer and can copy and destroy email lists and address books. Communication devices such as mobiles and PDA are also hot items to target. Viruses: Brunnstein, Fischer-Hubner, and Swimmer define a virus as â€Å"a non-autonomous set of routines that is capable of modifying programs or systems so that they contain executable copies of itself† Furnell, 2000, p. 144). Viruses are malicious software that has the ability to replicate themselves, the virus will attach itself to other applications and software and slowly spread as infected files and disks are used by users. With every new host, the malicious virus inserts itself and executes its payload, they are often weird and strange warning messages or look like innocent files when clicked can wipe all the files from the hard drive (Taylor et al., 2004). A brilliant example of how a virus can be very expensive is the much publicised I LOVE YOU virus. ICSA, a computer security company estimated the cost of the I LOVE YOU virus to be up to 1$ billion (Miastkowski, 2000). Worms: Unlike Viruses, worms do not attach themselves to other software programs. They exist entirely as separate programs and they can spread themselves automatically (Stephenson, 2000, p. 37). Trojan Horse Trojan horses: Hackers and attackers will often use Trojan horses to gain access to important and highly sensitive data information, often a Trojan is used where access is restricted and the hacker is lucky enough to find a ‘Backdoor basically a loop within the code for access, for example, the targets password is captured by the dormant Trojan, it will replicate it, and forward it to the hacker. There are differences between viruses and Trojan horses, firstly the Trojan horses will not replicate or infect any other files on the hard disk. Secondly, the Trojan Horse can stand alone without any attachment to other applications and programs. And finally, the target source may not always be entirely aware of the fact that a maliciously intended Trojan horse was sent to him or her. Basically Trojan horses can be sent with under covert means where the intended target perceives it to be harmless, like an email attachment that looks conspicuous enough and looks safe enough. For example, the attacker may send a message that may be interpreted as friendly information for the receiver, such as a link to a competition etc Phlooding This is a new wave of attack used by hackers and fraudsters to simultaneously launch geographically distributed attacks that targets a businesss authentication or network log-in structure, with the goal of overloading its central authentication server, these attacks have originated from all across the globe, they bombard a wireless Access points (APs) with login requests using multiple password combinations which have the ability to severely slow down logins and critically interfere with broader network operations causing major security breaches. Security specialists reckon businesses with multiple office locations served by a single identity management server could be particularly vulnerable to Phlooding attacks. Malware Programmes such as the ‘Trojan Horse hides a malicious code within a document that will in turn collect usernames and passwords for email accounts amongst other information, These programs can download programmes without the user knowing and relay attacks against other computers remotely. An infected computer can be controlled by the attacker and directed to carry out functions normally available to the systems owner. Hacking Nowadays increasingly the method of attack most favoured is the art of hacking, to use the knowledge of codes and programming to access systems to find secrets. Government computers in Britain have a network intrusion detection system, which monitors traffic and alerts officials to misuse or anomalous behaviour. Botnets These are compromised networks that the attacker can exploit. Deliberate programming errors in the software can easily remain undetected, Attackers can exploit the errors to their advantage to take full control of the computer remotely. Botnet can be used to steal information from highly encrypted computers or to collect sensitive information such as credit card numbers by ‘sniffing or logging the keystrokes of the victims keyboard. Software Bombs This software acts like a bomb connected to a detonator, which may contain an execution of a program. The malicious code may be hidden in a program, and once the program is activated, malicious code becomes activated. For example, a sacked employee who feels dissatisfied with the employer who has access to internal software may upload and hide a software bomb in the companys payroll program. In 1992, an employee of the United Kingdoms Chilworth Communications was convicted of planting a logic bomb before his resignation in September 1990. The bomb was triggered in October 1990 and damaged important files that cost the company more than $50,000. (Larry Greenemeier, InformationWeek, June 12, 2006) Keystroke Loggers This is a device that can be fitted to the keyboard or an application that can be installed on the computer that automatically records every key that is typed on the keyboard, obviously all information such as passwords, email, basically anything that is typed on the keyboard will get logged and then accessed by the third party. Denial of service Attacks Overloading a computer system with data so that it can no longer function. This is the method allegedly used by the Russian hackers which targeted the Estonian government computers in May. Phishing and Spoofing This is a system of attack designed to trick an organisations computer user to reveal passwords and confidential data such as card details. Those that use this method impersonate a trusted source such as a bank or a well known service to persuade the victim to hand over the details in complete faith. IP spoofing: After overloading the system, an attacker can pretend to be an authorized system, while blocking the actual systems service. Since the flooded system cannot respond to the inquiries, the unauthorized system will receive all of the legitimate Computers packets (Stephenson, 2000, p. 46). Force Multiplier Effects Different types of Cyberterrorism may also be used to multiply Cyber-terrorists commit acts of terrorism simply for personal gain or sometimes out of boredom. A less known group known as Chaos Computer Club was discovered in 1997. They had created a simple Active X Control for the Internet that could trick the Quicken accounting program into removing money from a users bank account