Context of Modernism

IntroductionCONTEXT OF MODERNISMModernism is a set of cultural or aesthetic manners which associates with the scientific and the artistic motion which started in the decennary around the First World War and have dominated among several motion such as cubism, functionalism and surrealism. Sarup, M. ( 1993 ) . However in architecture, modernism reacts to the dedication of turn toing new edifices after the two World Wars such as mass lodging of traditional signifiers and the potency for researching new conditions of production such as new stuffs and engineering. Le Corbusier and Mies van der Roche were the cardinal influences of modern architecture ; they took several civilizations and tradition to explicate the impression of modern architecture. Curtis, W. J.R. ( 2001 ) . Modernist have the thought that architecture should hold a consequence as being ‘functionalistic, positive, technocentric, and rationalistic ‘ with their edifice or urban planning. Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) page 35. In the World War II, Modernism became popular particularly in the United State where it took on a new life by utilizing different engineerings such as steel frame and glass drape walls for building skyscrapers and suburban office Parkss and shopping centres which were cost-efficient. Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) .CONTEXT OF POSTMODERNISMPostmodernism is really equivocal to depict because it has certain elements that relates to modernism. The term originated within creative persons and critics in the United State in the 1960s and it was distributed in the European and other industrial states in the seventiess. However postmodernism is an unstable construct of motion within an beforehand capitalist civilization that argue the ocular attacks in literary unfavorable judgment of art, movie, manner and architecture within the political economic societal conditions of the late twentieth century. It besides involves the new relationship between world and nature. Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) . Postmodernist impression of attacks to architecture derived from modernism political orientation of architecture, and it even influences some postmodern designers, this is because of their cognition from preparation and besides their modern methods of buildings but they besides add their new construct to their edifices. Jencks, C. ( 1988 ) . There are three rules that Robert Stern ‘s article portrays to depict the features of postmodernism, the first feature is ‘contextualism, ‘ this describes the single edifice as ever a fragment that represents its environment. The 2nd is ‘allusionism ‘ , which emphasise the edifice of its historical and cultural facets, and the 3rd is ‘ornamentalism ‘ , and this suggests all the walls of the edifice to hold an architectural significance. ( See the work of Robert Stern ) Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) page 59. Postmodernism has besides emerged the classical phase whereby it has influenced certain postmodern designers like Michael Graves, James Stirling, Norman Neuerburg and even Philip Johnson ‘s AT & A ; T edifice ( see figure 1 ) . Jenks emphasise that the ‘Free-Style Classicism ‘ determines some features of postmodern architecture which started exactly from the 1980s. ( See the work of Charles Jencks ) Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) page 64.Critic OF POSTMODERNISM ON MODERNIST NOTION OF ARCHITECTUREDavid Harvey argues about if ‘postmodernism, for illustration, stand for a extremist interruption with modernism, or is it merely a rebellion within modernism against a signifier of high modernism. ‘ Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) page 42. This message is to oppugn the architecture of the postmodern motion, Harvey so explains by underscoring that postmodernism has widely identify a interruption with the modernist construct that planning, planing and development should concentrate on the wide-scale, technologically rational and economically urban program which should be strict on thoughts of design with a functionalist perceptual experience of an international manner. Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) . The most influential critic on postmodernism and modernism is Charles Jenks, he portrayed architecture from a lingual point of position as accents in his book ‘The Language of Post-Modern Architecture ‘ . Jenks argues that postmodernism architecture is non a interruption of modernism but nevertheless it ‘s seeking to get the better of the political orientation of its architecture non by dropping it but by widening the ‘language ‘ to a different degree into a common and commercial but off from tradition. He listed all the old edifices as which had modern features and named them as the ‘ersatz, ‘ nevertheless he calls the new edifice as the ‘social pragmatism. ‘ Jencks, C. ( 1991 ) page 97. Furthermore he pinpoints the exact day of the month for the decease of ‘modern architecture ‘ as he reference at 3:32 autopsy, July 15, 1972 when the Pruitt-Igoe lodging undertaking built in 1951 was demolished. Similarly Charles Jenks explores further the thought of the modernist thought within postmodernism architecture, he argues that postmodern architecture is ‘double coded ‘ , this suggest that postmodernism is an eclectic mixture of traditional codifications with modern 1s this shows that modernism is ever one of the codifications that signifiers postmodernism so postmodern architecture has evolve from modernism but it must travel beyond modern manner. Therefore postmodernism is to interrupt wholly or drop modernist thought of architecture but has extended it into a different impression. Jenks explores Mies van de Roche who is a modern designer, he argues that the usage of steel I- beams for edifices are ‘nasty ‘ and ‘brutal ‘ and has no intent for its users or developers so hence postmodernism has evolve to happen solution of bettering the upon modernism. Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) . The indicant that modernism architecture is rational and severe is because the limitations and their influence on traditional signifiers and constructs which most postmodern designers see as ‘pass & A ; eacute ; , ‘ nevertheless when postmodern architect design they contravene to tradition besides when they build their edifices they express it through a modern manner by underscoring on a mixture of different manners. Likewise in the description of postmodern architecture Paolo Portoghesi who besides criticise postmodernism argues that postmodern is any edifice that breaks modern constrains of historical manners with common influences. Kolb, D. ( 1990 ) page 88. The limitation of modern architecture on historical influences is one of the chief challenges of postmodernism. Jean-Francois Lyotard a postmodern critic explains that one features of postmodernism is the transform nature understanding in scientific and computerised society, this has gave them progress cognition and engineering to get the better ofing and the rational and severe impression of modernism. Sarup, M. ( 1993 ) . In favor of this, Joseph Fredrick who defended against the International Style ‘s and his ain thought of building explains that modernism in architecture has assorted characters but its onslaught was on its manner, which necessarily postmodernism has taking over. It is the severity of modernism ‘s traditional signifiers which postmodern took the advantage of scientific cognition to interrupt the historical influences and give freedom for designers to plan their edifice. Larson, M, S. ( 1993 ) . The division between modern and postmodern is that modern is restricted whereby postmodern has its freedom to plan. Furthermore modernist impression of architecture as rational and severe to traditional limitation has non been negated by postmodern but it has interpreted and integrated modernist political orientation. However Jencks argue that postmodernism has non become a interruption or dropped the thought of modernist architecture but it has evolve from modernism, and has notice the apprehension of the development of its clip so they change the way and extended its features to accommodate its epoch. Portoghesi, P. ( 1980 ) . Therefore postmodernism is normally known as the ‘stylistic phenomenon ‘ . Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) page 8 Charles Jenks argues that postmodern edifices in general have made a positive impact in architecture, since the 19th century technological building has made a huge betterment on edifices and has been overly-accurate as with the handmade assortment, this and other factors have become the chief ground for its interruption from modernism. Likewise he argues that postmodernism has taking radically from the construct of how to knowledge edifice infinite where as modernist to see infinite as something to be shaped for societal intents, they interpret infinite as something independent, to be design harmonizing to originative purposes but non to overreach its traditional influences. An illustration is Le Corbusier ‘s Domino edifices ( see figure 3 ) which started modernist development of infinite, nevertheless postmodernism reacted to this by looking for solutions to specify ‘place ‘ alternatively of abstract infinites and to set up the assorted ambiguity of infinites inste ad than the simple, predictable traditional edifice of modernist architecture. Jenks, C. ( 1990 ) .Le Corbusier ‘s Domino lodging undertakingThere are certain characteristics of modernism which have been developed by postmodernist designers, the spacial thoughts such as superimposed and shallow simple infinites of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Postmodernist have developed these facets into a more new sort of equivocal infinite with assorted complex elements. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) . Charles Jencks points out that postmodern architecture have two grounds into important technological alteration ; the first is the modern-day communications have broken the strong modernist involvement of the rational and severe infinites based on map and of societal involvement. The 2nd is the progress engineerings for illustration computing machine patterning which has broken away from traditional restraints and permitted the flexibleness of planing and building. Jenks, C. ( 1990 ) . Postmodernism has non dropped modernist impression of architecture but it has taking certain elements of it such as infinite and even some traditional facets of edifice and developed it into a more complex manner. However it has set freedom from modernist construct that architecture should be severe and sensible. The progresss scientific engineering has aided postmodernism to germinate from modernism. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) .Michael Graves as a postmodernism designer.Michael Graves was portion of the late-modern motion before he left the abstract construct attack to the New York Five in 1977 ; this group consisted of Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Michael Graves, and Charles Gwathmey. They introduce an progress technique of planing with ‘figural component ‘ , and this has influenced postmodern designers. Schulz, N. ( 1990 ) page 7-8. He so left to fall in other designers such as Venturi, Moore, and Stern who were involve with the paradigm for postmodernism in America. Ghirard o, D. ( 1996 ) . Graves has become one of most influential designers in postmodernism, his construct of fragments have become important to postmodernist designers to plan their edifice in a complex and equivocal manner which contradicts the impression of modernism. Graves has besides adapted postmodern classicalism in architecture such as the Portland Building and the Humana Building ( see figure 4 and 5 ) . Grave has taking the traditional signifiers and manners of classicalism and extended into a postmodern attack by presenting classical skyscrapers. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) .THE PORTLAND PUBLIC SERVICES BuildingThe Portland edifice ( see figure 4 ) was a really important municipal edifice within its epoch, which was begun in 1980 in Portland Oregon, this undertaking provoked modernist designers because it was one of the most inspirational edifice in postmodernism. Powell, K. ( 1995 ) . The public edifice is located in the center of the country whereby it had to hold a quality of postmodern landmark, but nevertheless his manner out was to convey back ‘figural signifiers ‘ to the edifice to portray the ‘public nature of the context and urban and the internal plan ‘ . He used the classical manner of administration by spliting the edifice into three parts ; which is the base, organic structure and the top.THE HUMANA BuildingDecisionBibliographyBauman, Z. , 2004. Identity conversation with Benedetto Vecchi. London: Polity Press.KING, D. A. , 2004. Spaces of Global Cultures Architecture Urbanism Identity. New York: Routledge.POWELL, K. , 1994. Lloyd ‘s Building Richard Rogers Partnership ARCHITECTURE IN DETAILS. London: Phaidon.POWELL, K. , 1999. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume One. London: Phaidon.POWELL, K. , 2001. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume Two. London: Phaidon.SIEBERT, H. , 2007. The World Economy A planetary analysis. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge.SILVER, N. , 1997. The Making of Beaubourg: A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris. ( s.n. ) : MIT Press.SIMAI, M. , 1990. GLOBAL POWER STRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND WORLD ECONOMY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY. London: Pinter publishing houses Limited.STRELITZ, Z. , ed. , 2005. Tall edifices a strategic design usher. London: RIBA Publishing.VALE, J. L. , 2008. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge.WOODS, N. , ed. , 2000. The Political Economy of Globalisation. New York: Palgrave( ANON ) Royal exchange luxury shopping and dining.

Week 7 Homework Quiz

Business Valuations – Homework ES 1. (TCO G) A valuation professional who holds a CVA has the credentials of a: (Points : 2) Continuous valuation analyst. Cost valuation of assets. x Certified valuation analyst. None of the above is correct 2. (TCO G) If a shareholder in a closely held business sells his or her stock, the valuation professional typically would: (Points : 2) Increase the value somewhat to get the minority owner out of the business. Do a standard professional valuation in which the minority interest issue is ignored. Discount the value somewhat to reflect the diminished value of being a minority interest holder. Always use a historical cost basis analysis to take conservatism into account. None of the above is correct. 3. (TCO G) The most commonly accepted methods of business valuation use some form of: (Points : 2) Balance sheet analysis.Historical cost basis. Book value method. x Income statement approach. 4. (TCO G) The conclusions presented in FASB No. 157 s upport which FASB Conceptual Framework? (Points : 2) FASB Conceptual Framework No. 2 FASB Conceptual Framework No. 6 FASB Conceptual Framework No. x All of the above None of the above 5. (TCO G) The major business valuation organization that has developed rigorous business valuation standards is: (Points : 2) The National Association of Business Valuation Analysts (NACVA) The American Society of Appraisers (ASA) The Institute of Business Appraisers, Inc. (IBA) x All of the above None of the above 6. (TCO G) In a typical business valuation report, one exhibit that is seldom used is: (Points : 2) Limiting conditions. Definitions of valuation terms. Ratio analysis of the company. Common size balance sheets of the company. None of the above. 7. (TCO G) â€Å"Equitable distribution† in divorce cases is driven by: (Points : 2) The Uniform Commercial Code nationally. x Individual state laws. Supreme Court rulings. Professional standards. None of the above. 8. (TCO G) A â€Å"minori ty interest† in a business: (Points : 2) Technically is less than a 50-percent ownership in the business Might be worth less than a pro-rata share of the business value May have limited influence in the operations of the business x All of the above None of the above 9. (TCO G) IRS Rev. Rul. 59-60: (Points : 2)Deals with the valuation of closely held businesses Provides a list of eight factors that should be considered in valuing a closely held business Is particularly useful for valuing closely held businesses in estate and gift tax situations x All of the above None of the above 10. (TCO G) Preparing common-sized financial statements and performing ratio analyses of financial statements are examples of: (Points : 2) â€Å"Customizing† financial statements. â€Å"Downsizing† financial statements. x â€Å"Spreading† financial statements. â€Å"Simplifying† financial statements. None of the above.

Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper

Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper The student learning outcome I chose to research is the relationship between the development of oral language and the development of literacy. These are in the InTASC standards 1,2,4,5, and 8. Oral Language is the listening and speaking part of communication and is a process that develops naturally. The roots of oral language are listening, speaking, opportunities for conversation, and vocabulary development. Oral language development and vocabulary are directly linked to reading comprehension.As a teacher it will be your job to provide opportunities and support for students to develop their oral language. Oral Language lays the foundation for reading comprehension. Students have to be able to understand language at the oral level in order to be expected to understand it at the text level. If a student can only understand a 6 word sentence orally then they will only be able to understand those 6 words they read in a book. Oral language begins very early. Even before babies can say words they begin to coo and make sounds that develop into words. Parents should talk to babies and tell them the names of objects.Encouraging babies to say syllabus and repetitive sounds like â€Å"mama† and â€Å"dada† are great ways to begin oral development. If I child never hears any words or language spoken to them then how can they ever be expected to speak that language. As a teacher you should incorporate the following into your classroom to encourage oral language development; engage children in extended conversations, encourage children to tell and retell stories and events, discuss a wide range of topics and word meanings, use new and unusual words, ask open-ended questions, encourage language play.Some things for students to do to develop their oral language are; explore and experiment with language, name and describe objects in the classroom, ask and answer why, who, what, when, where and how questions, hear good mode ls of language use, and discuss topics of interest. Oral vocabulary is key when a beginning reader makes the transition from oral to written forms. Between grades 1 and 3, it is estimated that economically disadvantaged students' vocabularies increase by about 3,000 words per year and middle-class students' vocabularies increase by about 5,000 words per year.As a teacher you should recognize which of your students have a less environmentally rich home life and compensate for that. Also you should be aware of students that are not from English speaking homes. If the only place a student hears and reads English is at school, they are going to develop their vocabulary slower than a student who hears the language both at home and school. (Kieffer 146-157) Oral language and the development of literacy are interconnected and inextricably linked.Students need an environment which engages them in the literary practices of their community in which they live, interact and learn. The relations hip, then, is between everyday talk and literary language. For example, small children will mimic its parents gesturing. I can not state enough that oral language and literacy greatly compliment each other as a child develops their communication skills. In our schools teachers teach children to read and write by listening for the sounds in words and predicting the letters that are used to make those sounds.Sound-symbol relationship and phonemic awareness are very important developments for young children to be successful with the literacy curriculum. Children learn to understand and verbally express language at a very rapid pace, beginning with their first moments of life. Literacy development is obviously not expected from children until they enter school. Like oral language, there is a wide range of â€Å"normalcy† when it comes to the age a child will reach each milestone. Basically, each domain supports the other.Children whose articulation is poor often improve greatly w hen they are able to read, as the letters help them learn to produce the correct sounds and to sequence them appropriately. Likewise, children who have a good vocabulary and are good at spoken language will often become very successful readers. According to an article I found â€Å"key principles that were applied in the study to enable the development of a community of practice focused on information literacy integration. These principles can be summarized as: 1. nowledge is socially constructed and the social nature of cognitive development serves as a powerful dialogic model for understanding how IL could be integrated into the curriculum in a community of practice; 2. tools play an important role in these social interactions in curriculum integration; 3. internalization can serve as a powerful model when data is generated and analyzed using this research approach. † (Dawkins , and O'Neill 294-307) Reading comprehension depends on language abilities that have been developi ng since birth.Basic vocabulary and grammar are clearly essential to comprehension because each enables understanding of words and their interrelationships in and across individual sentences in a text. However, children who comprehend well go beyond word and sentence comprehension to construct a representation of the situation or state of affairs described by the text. In some theories, this is referred to as a mental model and it involves organizing a text’s multiple ideas into an integrated whole, using both information from the text and the reader’s own world knowledge.To do this, successful comprehend draw upon a set of higher-level cognitive and linguistic skills, including inferencing, monitoring comprehension, and using text structure knowledge. Take the following story for example: â€Å"Johnny carried a jug of water. He tripped on a step. Mom grabbed the mop. † The literal representation of the individual words and sentences does not enable the reader t o integrate their meanings and construct a mental model. Successful comprehenders understand narrative structure and couple it with their knowledge to infer that Johnny spilled the water.They then understand why Mom grabbed a mop. They also monitor their comprehension of stories-either written or spoken-and realize the need to make an inference that Johnny spilled the water to make sense of Mom’s response. (Justice, Guo, Kaderavek, and Dobbs-Oates 420-429) Literacy refers to the ability to read for knowledge, write coherently, and think critically about the written word. So lets think about this situation as an example of how oral language and literacy are connected. A student who is born in Mexico moves to the United States during 1st grade.Would you expect this student to read or write English? Of course not! So if this student came to your school never even having heard English would you just give them a book with only English words and no pictures and expect them to read it? Defiantly not! Would you give them a piece of paper and pen and expect them to write what they want in English? No way! Would you talk in normal sentences and expect a correct English reply? I hope not! So what would you do? Well having done research I would first find a student who also knows Spanish so that they can communicate and the new student wont feel alone.Students need to feel safe and comfortable in able to learn. Learning the letters is one of the next steps I would take in teaching the student to read, write and speak English. Saying the sound and pointing to the written letter then having the student trace the letter and say the sound. See how the oral and written process work together? They are both a process that are always developing. As humans we are always learning new words and vocabulary. I hope this paper has taught you a little bit about what I have learned about oral language and literacy development.This is a big point that I have learned a lot about thi s semester. I never really thought about how much the two are related until I started to research it and found so many different articles. I don’t think anyone can really argue that the two are not related. Just look at your own life and how you first learned to talk and read. Look at things in this class for example. We have learned vocabulary words not familiar to us. We were shown these words and told how they are pronounced so that now you can recognize the word in text and also pronounce the word when talking. Student Learning Outcomes Research Paper

The Apollo Program Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Apollo Program - Research Paper Example Subsequent to the takeoff of Sputnik II wherein Laika, the first animal to orbit the Earth, was on board, then President Eisenhower informed the country that he was making ‘Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology,’ a new position in the government. This would play a big role in the formation of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), the administration that would send the first men to the Moon in 1969. President Eisenhower took the first step to strengthen the objective of launching men to the Moon. John F. Kennedy who took the place of presidency after Eisenhower thrust those objectives even further. It took only several months for Kennedy to convene a special session of Congress to deliver his speech in which he necessitated America to launch the first moon landing in history by the decade’s end. After a couple of years, in 1967, the United States of America has just planned Project Apollo also known as the Apollo program and Apollo I would be its very first mission. By January, tests was started to be able to know how the craft would operate and function on its interior power, and just as with the other tests that were conducted on previous crafts, numerous problems and complications came to view. However, in spite of all the problems that came out, the test was still pushed through that same day. By night, only eleven minutes into the start of the mission, an ignition occurred within the walls of the craft cabin and all the astronauts that were on board the craft yelled for help and assistance. Unfortunately, everything was too late. The rest had already evacuated, leaving the astronauts inside, trapped. After the incident, NASA discovered that the men were al severely burnt but had died by inhaling toxic fumes caused by the burning of artificial materials inside. In a matter of eight seconds, three heroes died. Indeed, all were shock at the terrible tragedy that ensued. â€Å"With the first manned, e arth-orbit Apollo flight scheduled for mid-February, all seemed on target to make Kennedy’s vision a reality. But one evening late in January, that soaring optimism suddenly, terribly feel to Earth.† (Chaikin 11) The rebuilding of Apollo immediately followed. Apollos 4, 5 and 6 were launched earlier testing the launching capabilities of an unmanned mission. However, after almost a year since the combustion of Apollo I, NASA was prepared to restart all over again and try once more. This time, Schirra headed Apollo 7. He nicknamed this craft "Wally’s Ship" to make it known to all that he was in charge and that all courses of action taken are all approved by him. According to NASA, on October 11, 1967, the craft was launched and everything went smooth, almost perfect except for a slight insignificant delay. Apollo 7 was able to orbit around the Earth for an hour and a half. Schirra told Mission Control that was located in Houston, Texas, that the entire crew was â⠂¬Å"having a ball.† This mission indeed had put the Apollo program back on its feet after the tragedy that broke the hearts of the people from Apollo I. Apollo 7 came back to Earth successfully after almost two weeks. This mission was able to complete every single goal they had and it was known to be a national success. As the United States was celebrating its accomplishment that helped them recover from Apollo I, the Russians, who were gathering funds for a

Research Methodology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Methodology - Assignment Example By factoring the previous occurrences regarding related questions, the research would meet the basic threshold. In additions, the question need to factor aspects of improving on the management approaches of nursing practicum and offering alternatives into future related activities. The issues need documentation majorly those affecting the students, the support staff and supervisors. All the parties within the system need to factor to ensure that there are minimal exaggerations from the students. The questions need an appraisal to obtain data on all stakeholders within the sector, hence providing broad based data with conclusive impact. The approach of factoring all stakeholders would also facilitate and improve reliability and reliability of the research in related environments. Previous studies showing the positive attributes of the nursing practice needed to have informed the study, ensuring better conceptualization of the entire research. Moreover, anxiety and stress does not affe ct all the nursing students as people have varying components and the ability to absorb psychosocial pressures. Therefore, the study should have had informed outcomes with basis on these other relevant documentations of other factors apart from anxiety only. The author has identified the knowledge gap by indicating that the clinical practice plays a significant practical learning process of the nursing students. Therefore, there is a need to document and evaluate the issues affecting this learning process. The gap is that there is little documentation of researches specifically targeting learners in the nursing sector during their placement with an aim of ensuring that issues affecting them are addressed and solutions offered substantively (Maxton, 2008). Previous studies have been on senior level nursing students, but few research reports are based on the findings of the junior level-nursing students. The gap of knowledge should also factor,

Research Paper - Flight Nursing in Community Setting

- Flight Nursing in Community Setting - Research Paper Example The essence of our lives lies with how effectively we play our part in the community; and the complete satisfaction of making life admirable can be attained through the profession of flight nurse. A flight nurse is the one, skilled to work in critical care settings and avail assistance to the community in emergencies. Flight nurse must be well experienced and expertised in all aspects of healthcare. Flight nurses, always well prepared for life saving activities makes their presence confirmed in all critical situations such as accidents, earthquakes etc. They aid in the essential intensive care of the seriously wounded or sick patients when being shifted to a healthcare facility through plane or helicopter. In addition to serving the people injured by disasters, they also go to remote areas to support people during the airlifting to provide healthcare facilities. The presence of flight nurse as a member among the passengers makes the journey safe and sound for the entire crew of the f light (Nursing Jobs and degrees-flight nurse, n.d.). The line of work of a flight nurse is highly demanding; and in addition to having the mentality of serving the community, a flight nurse must be all set to function in the highly challenging situations which could be even life threatening.

Critical Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical Reflection - Essay Example More importantly, the book showed me that it is possible that it was not only me to blame, and gave me a sense of hope that other students feeling this way now, can be helped more than I was. Rose looks at the foundations of such feelings, starting from the effects of labeling children: â€Å"The designation remedial has powerful implications in education – to be remedial is to be substandard, inadequate† (Rose, 1989, p. 209), and I recognized my own sense of myself, throughout school, in this. When teachers publicly separated me from the rest of my classmates, with good intentions, I am sure, because of the learning difficulty I have, it was devastating. As a Third Grader, my need to belong to the group was great, and the challenges I experienced were not only with the learning difficulty, but equally significantly, with the teachers’ and other children’s perception that I was different. I internalized their view of me and became unconfident and negative about myself and my abilities. At school, my classmates called me names, and I was no longer a â€Å"cool† friend. At home, my mother was supportive, but I could not get away from the feeling that I was disappointing her, because I could not so well at school. This isolation is another aspect of my life that I identified with in Rose’s book – a boy â€Å"Harold† writes: â€Å"I am lost in the woods. I cannot find my way out. I yell and yell. No one answered me. I climbed a tree then I fell out of the tree and broke my arm† (Rose, 1989, p. 119). While my situation was perhaps not as bad as Harold’s, I did see many of my classmates, struggling more than I did, even more isolated from the mainstream. Mike Rose realized that this boy was a lonely child, feeling rejected, and that it was these feelings, more than the boy’s learning challenges that caused him to not be able to perform well academically. This is

Global Ocean Currents explain why Northern Hemisphere is the soggier Essay

Global Ocean Currents explain why Northern Hemisphere is the soggier one - Essay Example This zone is referred to as the zone of inter-tropical convergence, and it is neither symmetric nor centred around the equator. Rather, it is to be found over the oceans in the northern tropical regions. Frierson et al. used observational data and model simulations to show overturning circulation in the oceans, as well as associated energy transports, and their importance in boreal disposition of rainfall (Hickey, 2013). Hemispheric asymmetry in the ITCZ is caused by the influence of tropical landmasses and their associated cloud fields, and atmospheric circulation on ocean currents and temperatures (Frierson et al, 2013). On average, the Southern hemisphere absorbs more energy than the Northern hemisphere from the atmosphere. The energetic imbalance that results between the two hemispheres is redressed by meridional overturning circulation of the ocean, which transports heat from the Southern Hemisphere northwards towards the equator to be released as atmospheric heat. The ITCZ is sensitive to heat redistribution through the meridional overturning circulation. Generally, in the tropics, energy at the surface is absorbed by the oceans and released into the extra-tropical regions. When these perturbations to the mean state are explored using a model, which removes the effects of continental landmasses, hemispheric asymmetry can also be induced within the ITCZ (Frierson et al, 2013). This hypothesis that ITCZ asymmetry is determined by meridional overturning circulation can also be tested by imposing, between the extra-tropics and tropics on the two hemispheres, a symmetrical flux of surface heat. The results show that, within the extra-tropics, differences in hemispheric atmosphere-ocean flux of heat related to meridional overturning circulation are a necessity for asymmetry of ITCZ (Pike, 2013). It is still important to note that surface heat flux present in hemispheric imbalance is a result of continental

Marketing in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Marketing in construction - Essay Example (2001) it is revealed that ‘marketing implementation emerges as an organizations adaptive response to day-to-day market events that is rarely scripted by plans’ (Sashittal et al., 2001, 50). In other words, the influence of the organizational environment – both external and internal - on a firm’s marketing plans can be significant. The ability of a firm to respond to the needs of its market depends on a series of factors, like the employees’ skills, the funds and the technology available as well as the position of the competitors. The needs and the characteristics of the industrial sector in which a firm operates are also likely to have an important role when having to choose among the marketing policies that will be used by a particular firm. Current paper focuses on the marketing plans used by Bellway plc, a firm operating in the British construction industry. Currently, the number of firms operating in the British construction industry has been estimated to 250000. In order to understand the effectiveness of marketing policies used in the specific industry it is necessary to describe the characteristics of this sector. In accordance with a report published by the Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2009) the construction industry ‘embraces the construction materials and products; suppliers and producers; building services manufacturers, providers and installers; contractors, sub-contractors, professionals, advisors and construction clients and those organisations that are relevant to the design, build, operation and refurbishment of buildings’ (BERR, 2009, online article). In the construction industry there are specific standards that need to be met by marketers being involved in a specific marketing plan: a) the effects of its method/ material on the environment must be thoroughly examined in advance, b) the quality of the work is of high importance – the building under construction has to

CATFISH - APPLYING A METHOD OF RHETORICAL CRITICISM Research Paper

CATFISH - APPLYING A METHOD OF RHETORICAL CRITICISM - Research Paper Example When evaluating the movie in these terms, it is one which can be seen as the accepted and rejected ideologies of structure that are currently within society. Justification The popularity of â€Å"Catfish† is one which continues to grow in society, specifically because of the initial responses which occurred from the audience and critics within society. The movie is important for two reasons. The first is that it shows today’s culture and the way in which it is constructed in terms of relationships, identity and technology. The second is from the reaction which occurred in society, specifically which led to widespread popularity not for the movie, but instead because of the majority of individuals which would not believe that the movie was realistic. These two constructs show that there is an important rhetoric which links to the movie and which provides an understanding of how identity is currently formed within society. A majority of Catfish’s audience were angr y with the filmmakers and with the film’s advertisement campaign. Critics were saying this is the type of film Alfred Hitchcock would direct, but this is clearly not the type of movie he would be involved in. Trailers for the film â€Å"hinted of Blair Witch Project-like-shaky-hand horror.† (Tech Cocktail). Many people questioned the documentary’s credibility as well calling it a hoax and believing it was set-up, as opposed to being a genuine documentary. Most stated that they would not be able to admit or believe that the outcome from the movie could be true or whether it was another deception from the filmmakers. Many believed that, since the film was about deception, the filmmakers also had the same deceiving commentary with the documentary. The strong debates which came out of the movie, as well as the power which this particular film had are the important elements to look at with the rhetorical criticism as well as the understanding of society and culture i n reaction to the movie. The attention which â€Å"Catfish† has brought proves that the topic remains relevant to study at this particular cultural moment because it encompasses many aspects of our use of the Internet and how it has changed not only how we communicate, but how it has changed our lives completely. With the advent of social media, sites such as Facebook have changed the world and the ways in which we communicate with others on a global scale. Catfish draws in on how the Internet, Google, Facebook and etc. can impact our lives in so many different ways. It speaks volume about our current times, specifically in regards to online dating and how it can have a negative impact on our lives. We never really stop to think about its downsides and its dangers. The Internet has made our lives so much easier and we have access to infinite amounts of information at the tips of our fingers. There is little reason for any to question the tool, specifically because it is now b elieved to be revolutionary making many blind about some of the realities which come with the use of the tool.    The Internet, online dating, and social media networks are things that a majority of the world’s population uses on a daily basis for just about everything and anything. The urgency; however, is the way in which it is

Research writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research writing - Essay Example According to Carr the internet alters the way our mind generally works and it has adverse effects on the functioning of our mind by changing the way we think (Carr, Is Google Making Us Stupid?). Carr promotes the idea that we should not take internet or any sort of technology at its face value but should be skeptical about it because of the negative consequences it might have on our way of thinking (Carr, Is Google Making Us Stupid?). Not only Nicholas Carr but also Christine Rosen expresses her concern for the growing technology and she is dubious of its use. In her article, â€Å"Our cell phones, Ourselves† she argues that people should not rely heavily on the use of cell phones. Rosen starts her argument by pondering over certain statistics over the last years that involve the use of phone and how they have become an inseparable part of our lives. According to her the level of privacy that was enjoyed by the individuals has diminished due to the latest technological advance s. The increasing numbers of cell phone have initiated inconsiderate use of the technology and have forced the society into losing its courtesy. Carr emphasizes on the various problems created by the internet by focusing on how he has problem in reading. According to him Google is creating a society suffering from a problem of paying attention. He proposes that, â€Å"Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy† (Carr, Is Google making us stupid? 603). He loses attention and starts to speculate after reading two or three pages. The close relationship between the text and its reader is lost. Carr says that he has to continuously find his way back to the original piece of writing because of the distractions available on the internet. The world of internet has transformed into a â€Å"universal medium,† (Carr, Is Google making us stupid?) even when one is not working; he/she is likely to be browsing, looking at emails, reading news articles or watching movies or listening to music. I can easily relate to this problem identified by Carr as being a student we have to make projects and have to work on internet but it is so difficult to focus and I usually end up facebooking rather than completing the project that I am supposed to. â€Å"Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a jet ski† (Carr) which is quite true as today we switch from one website to the other instantaneously? The users do not read online in the traditional sense instead they are power browsing that is skimming swiftly through content pages and headings. The more one uses the Net, more the effort is required to focus attention. â€Å"The brain has the ability to reprogram itself on the fly† (Carr, Is Google Making Us Stupid?) â€Å"Altering the way it functions† (Carr, Is Google Making Us Stupid?) This helps Google in its de-concentration effect. Carr mentions a comment from a mathematician who st ates how any information processing device can be replaced with a computer. This aids in the amplification of the de-concentration effect as the computer today is also a TV, diary, radio, calculator and any other device that one can think of. Rosen in her article divulged the facts about the use of cell phones that were ahead of its time and are more prevalent in today’s society. The excessive use of cell phones has led towards the abuse of the cellular technology (Rosen).

Afghan Paper Essay Example for Free

Afghan Paper Essay The United States faces many problems in the current war with terrorist forces. The increase of causalities, the increase of fanatical Taliban and al Qaeda troops, the lack of Afghan National Army forces to help with the fighting, and the ever looming threat of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of insurgents. The Obama administration’s new strategy includes efforts to increase the confidence of the local Afghan population by protecting it from insurgent violence and improving governance, security and economic development (Afghanistan, 672). In order to implement these plans, the U.S. has deployed new troop — a total of 21,000 additional soldiers to fight the insurgency in Afghanistan and train Afghan security forces. By the end of the year, the level of U. S. troops is expected to reach about 68,000. Other troops are also being supplied by NATO countries and other allies, currently about 32,000, though many are engaged in development and relief work and not combat operations (Afghanistan, 672). The top three NATO countries providing troops were the United King, Germany, and Canada, with many other smaller nations sending troops to contribute to war efforts. One of the most noteworthy features of the new strategic plan is to avoid civilian causalities throughout the war; the number of civilian causalities has gone done tremendously over the years, decreasing over a thousand between 2008 and 2009 (Afghanistan, 673). Another important part of the plan is to help develop the Afghan government by increasing the number of agricultural specialists, educators, engineers, and lawyers in the area. Now that the Obama administration has issued a new plan that has been under implementation for about two years, the topic of the administration announcing an exit plan has been under heavy debate. According to Ilan Berman, Vice-President for Policy of the American Foreign Policy Council, the United States should not set a date of exited from the war on Afghanistan. Berman states that announcing an exit plan would prove that the United States’ interest and investment in the stability of Afghanistan is temporary and limited (Afghanistan, 685). I am in agreement with the view Ilan Berman. The United States should gradually decrease the presence of troops within the country, while still working on providing a stable government and economy in Afghanistan. Reference page: Adapted from Kingsbury, A. 2011, February 11). Government secrecy. CQ Researcher, 21, 121-144. Retrieved from http://library. cqpress. com/cqresearcher/ Government Secrecy The discussion of government secrecy has been of great discussion over the last two years. The question, â€Å"Does great openness threaten national security? †, has been the topic at hand. The website WikiLeaks intensified the discussion with the released of thousands of classified government documents and military intelligence. Julian Assange, an Australian computer hacker, created the biggest United States security breach to ever hit the nation. Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, worked alongside a group of associates across several countries in releasing thousands of government documents. It is believed that his source may have been United States army private, Bradley Manning, who had access to these classified government documents and databases. Assange has yet to be prosecuted for the leaking of government information but the most likely approach to prosecuting him would be under the Espionage Act of 1917. The Act prohibits the â€Å"willful† disclosure of â€Å"information relating to the national defense. It has been interpreted to mean that the defendant must know the information will hurt national security and that disclosure violates the law (Government Secrecy, 127). The discussion of updating the Espionage Act of 1917 has been of discussion because of this leak as well as ones of a smaller magnitude. Abbe Lowell of the White-Collar Criminal Defense Group of McDermont Will amp; Emory is for the updating of the Espionage Act of 1917. According to Lowell, the document is not specific enough and as worded can be lead to the infringement of the first amendment. Documents released by WikiLeaks include sensitive diplomatic cables and combat field reports from Iraq and Afghanistan. A few notable disclosures included the push by King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia for the U. S. to strike against Iran, the suspected corruption in Afghan government, and the hacking of Google by the Chinese government (Government Secrecy, 129). Many of the documents were obtained from the government database, SPIRNet, which Manning had access to. The Secret Internet Protocol Router Network allows the United Sates military and government agencies to share information. Over 500,000 people have access to the network, from senior military and law-enforcement officials to low-level military analysts and government contractors. This release of information has fueled the already heated battle between advocates of government secrecy and those who oppose (Government Secrecy, 124). Advocates of an open-government argue that federal agencies withhold too much information from the public, discouraging the ability of citizens to keep check on the wrongdoing of the government. According to supporters of government secrecy, sensitive information that could threaten the nations welfare if released is too easily accessed due to modern technology. President Obama, on his first day of office, signed an executive order designed to reduce government secrecy and increase the transparency of information across federal agencies. Signed into law by Obama in October 2010, the Reducing Over-Classification Act directs the Department of Homeland Security and the intelligence community to standardize classification and declassification procedures and improve information haring across the government. The National Declassification Center was also created in order to speed and coordinate the release of government information that no longer needs to be kept from public view. Although steps to disclosure government information to the public have been taken, secrecy opponents believe that President Obama needs to do more.

Autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder Autism spectrum disorder Introduction Autism is an overall term which is used to describe a group of complicated brain developmental disorder which is also called pervasive developmental disorder. There are other pervasive developmental disorders which include pervasive developmental disorder which is not yet specified, Asperngers syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder. This group of disorders is collectively referred to as Autism spectrum disorders (Morgan, Jones Jordan, 2001). Prevalence rate The prevalence rate of the disorder is estimated to be about 0.7% among children making it more prevalent than child cancer, juvenile diabetes, and pediatric AIDS. It is reported that around 1.5 millions of persons living in the United States and other numerous millions of people around the world are suffering from autism. The United States government figures show that the prevalence of autism among its population has been rising every year. The reason for the increase has not been found, but improved diagnosis and environmental influence are considered to be the cause for the increased awareness. Male children have been reported to be more prone to the disorder as compared to the female children and are diagnosed with the condition quite frequently. In the United States it is estimated that around 1% of the boys are diagnosed with the disorder (Ehlers Gillberg, 1993) Symptoms Every individual who is diagnosed with autism has unique signs which cannot be compared to that observed in another individual. This is so because autism is a combination of disorders, one persons condition can be very severe with the other person having a slight one. The commonly observed signs in individuals with autism include seizure disorders, gastrointestinal problems, mental retardation and illness. Explanations for the existence of these problems in individuals having autism are not known. It is possible to state that these additional conditions observed is evidence of various forms of autism with each being caused by different factors (Haley, 2006). Although the conditions listed above are quite commonly observed in individuals having autism as compared to those people who do not have autism, they are not observed in everybody suffering from autism. The other symptoms observed include social and communication symptoms, sensory and motor symptoms, and personality differences (Rudy, 2009).Autistic spectrum disorders have a common social interactions, communication, and imagination which are linked to stiff, continual prototype of manners. It usually begins at birth or at the fist three years of life, but can also start later on during the childs life. The triad of symptoms can be noticed at all levels of intelligence and can be observed alone or accompanied with some other physical or even psychological disorder (Editorials. 2009) Causes The main cause of autism is not yet established with the researchers citing the main cause being idiopathic. Since the disorder has varying severity and the clinical signs associated with it, it is suggested that the condition has various causes (Novella, 2008). Researchers suspect a cocktail of factors which might be considered to cause autism and they include multiple genetic components which might cause autism alone or when combined with other environmental factors which are not yet determined (Wing Gould, 1979) The time at which the child might have got exposed to these factors is also significant, for example, before birth, during birth or even after the child is already born. Very few cases of autism can be associated with genetic disorders like Fragile X, Tuberous Sclerosis, and Angelmans syndrome. Exposure to environmental factors which are infectious like maternal rubella or cytomegalovirus, or chemicals like thalidomide or valporate at the time of pregnancy (Ehlers Gillberg, 1993) There is an increasing interest among researchers on the function of immune system in the control of autism. There have been suggestions that autism may involve inflammation in the central nervous tissues (Wing Potter, 2008). Animal studies have also produced evidence on how the immune system of the body can influence symptoms which are linked to autism. There have been organized autism talks which aim at increasing the level of awareness and also investigations of useful immunological facts to researchers who are not in that field and those within the field of autism at the community level (Haley, 2006). Previously, autism was believed to be caused by bad parenting as was proposed by Dr. Leo Kanner in 1943. Because the definitive causes of autism is not yet established, it has become clear that bad parenting is not one of the possible causes of the disorder. Dr. Bernard Rimland who founded the Autism Society of America and the Autism Research Institute enabled the medical community to appreciate that autism does not come about as a result of cold parents but from biological origin (Mauro, 2009) Reasons for the recent awareness According to the professionals in the field of child development in Britain, there has been increase in the number of children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. Dr. Kanner was the first person to characterize autism when he described it as a condition in a certain group of children with a strange pattern of behavior noticed after birth or before attaining the age of 30 months. He later referred to the condition as early infantile autism (Editorials. 2009) Many clinicians have a feeling that there has been an increase in the number cases of autism as compared to the past. Some current studies have showed high prevalence rates for autism. According to California health and human services agency report between the years 1987 to 1998, a period in which the research was done, there was rise in the number of individuals diagnosed with the disorder (Morgan, Jones Jordan 2001). Conclusion can therefore be made that the increase in the number of individuals reported with autistic spectrum disorders can be attributed to changes in referral patterns and in the methods of diagnosis, and the much knowledge of the different manifestations of the autistic conduct (Ownby, 2008).There might also be changes in the prevalence rates either locally and internationally with the cause not being known. Failure to carry out properly resourced prevalence studies, the condition of the disorder is likely to remain bleak (Mauro, 2009) Conclusion The evidence for the increase in the autistic spectrum is not yet clear because various researches has showed conflicting figures relating to the prevalence of the disorder. The condition still requires a lot of research work to shed light in its causes, prevalence rates and its management. References : Editorials (2009). Autistic spectrum disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/312/7027/327 Ehlers, S. Gillberg, C. (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome: a total population Study,Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34 (8), pp. 1327-1350. Haley, B. (2006). Vaccines and the changing epidemiology of autism. Child Care Health Dev. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://www.whale.to/a/autism_diagnosis.html Mauro, T. (2009). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://specialchildren.about.com/od/gettingadiagnosis/g/Autism.htm Morgan, H., Jones, H. Jordan R. (2001). A Guide to Services for Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorders for Commissioners and Providers. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://autism.bibliomaker.ch/BM_DIRECTORY/H/BM000001710/7723/JOR3.pdf` Novella, S. (2008). The Increase in Autism Diagnoses: Two Hypotheses. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from:http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=95 Rudy, L. J. (2009). A Definition of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from:http://autism.about.com/od/autismterms/f/defautism.htm Ownby, M. H. (2008). Raising Autism Awareness. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://autismaspergerssyndrome.suite101.com/article.cfm/raising_autism_awareness Wing, L. Potter, D. (2008). Notes on the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://www.nas.org.uk/nas/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=364a=2618 Wing, L. Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction: and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9 (1), pp. 11-29.

The Rise And Fall Of Julius Caesar

The Rise And Fall Of Julius Caesar This paper will explain that having absolute control or power over another human- being or, in Caesars case an entire nation is a major responsibility. Caesar had the authority and was convinced that his way was the only way in the end it only produced negative results. Caesar was known in Roman History as the first dictator who was declared as dictator for life with no limits on how long he could remain ruler. Also how Caesar became popular with the lower and middle class and how he was killed by plotters who didnt want to lose their financial gain or political power. Gaius Julius Caesar was born in Rome, Italy on July 12th or 13th in the year 100 BC. Young, Caesar lived through one of the most horrifying decades in the history the city of Rome. The city was assaulted twice and captured by Roman armies, first in 87 BC by the leaders of the populares. The second attack was carried out by Marius enemy of Sulla, leader of the optimates. The patricians were small in numbers and their status was no longer a political advantage. Caesar and his family belonged to one of the original aristocracy; they were neither rich nor influential. Caesar was influenced by his mother and with her blessings he sought out notoriety for his familys name. Caesar became the man of the household after his fathers death at the age of sixteen. Caesar sought out election to the public office so that he could obtain distinction for himself and his family, in 86 with the help of his Uncle Marius Caesar was appointed Flamen Dialis. In 78 B.C. Caesar traveled to Rhodes to study rhetorics and returned in 73 B.C. On his journey his was captured by pirates and he convinced them to raise his ransom after all he was an original aristocracy and that increased his prestige. A naval force overcame his captors and they were later crucified. After his wifes death, Caesar met and fell in love with Pompeia, a relative of Caesars then friend, Pompey. Pompey later married Caesars daughter Julia in 59 BC. Caesars own attachment to Pompey and Pompeys marriage to Julia ended when she died in 54 BC. The marriage to Pompeia ended in 62 BC. Caesar divorced his wife because of the allegation that she had been implicated in the offense of Publius Clodius, who was awaiting trial for breaking into Caesars house the. Previous December. He was disguised as a woman at the festival of the Bona Dea, which no man is allowed to attend Caesar had secured for five years the governorship of three provinces. The provinces were Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul, and Illyricum. He left Rome and remained in Gaul until his invasion of Italy. He continued north of the Alps each summer and left his armies there in garrison each winter while he came south to conduct the civil administration of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum and to keep in contact with Rome. Caesar became determined to conquer and make a province of the whole of Gaul. After his defeat of the Belgic tribes in the north and the submission of the maritime tribes on the Atlantic seaboard, he believed that the task had all but been accomplished. The optimates in control of the senate now awake to the immense increase in Caesars personal power, wealth, and prestige, kept Pompey in Italy, allowing him to govern his Spanish provinces by deputies. The next year Spain made Caesar there governor. When he finally returned to Rome he joined forces with Pompey and Crassus. With a successful year running Spain Caesar was elected as Consul through political alliance through Pompey and Crassus. They were called the first Triumvirate. Crassus wanted a revision on the contract for collecting taxes in the province of Asia. Pompey wanted ratification on eastern settlement and land for his discharged troops. Where Caesar wanted to gain command of a big military. At a disorderly public gathering the agrarian bill was passed authorizing Pompeys veterans to purchase land in January 59 BC. A fellow consul Calpurnius Bibulus was thrown from the platform and has consular Insignia was broken. Knowing that they were superstitious Bibulus tried everything to stop Caesar and his followers from passing anymore laws, but he was only able to postpone them by saying that the stormy skies wouldnt allow it. Caesar had disregarded Bibulus behavior and allowed the legislative program of the triumvirate to be carried out. With the results of his action Caesar and his friends faced better attacks. The political opponents continued to say that the legislation was unconstitutional as well as invaded. Caesar returned to Rome for a short time in 47 BC before leaving to travel to Africa to crush his opponents. Caesar became increasingly interested in public affairs, and tried to gain the favor of the people. In 65 BC, he was elected to the office of aedile and organized public games. Caesar returned Marius trophies to their former place of honor in the capitol, thus lying claim to leaders of the Populares. Caesar won favor because he spent much money to provide recreation for the people, a lthough he went into great debt doing so. In 62 BC, Caesar became praetor, the office next in rank to consul. Catiline, a dissatisfied Roman politician, plotted a revolt. In breaking up this plot, leading aristocrats sought to disgrace the entire group of popular leaders, including Caesar, but they failed to hurt his political prospects. In 60 BC, Caesar allied himself with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey in the First Triumvirate, an alliance that held considerable power in Rome. Crassus was a man of enormous wealth and political ambition. In 49 BC, Caesar had himself appointed dictator and consul after he defeated Pompeys troops in many battles. From the time that he had first faced battle and discovered his own military genius, Caesar was evidently fascinated and obsessed by military and imperial problems. He gave them an absolute priority over the more delicate, but no less the fundamental task of revising the Roman constitution. He met Pompeys army in Greece where, at Pharsalus in 48 BC, he defeated Pompeys for ces but Pompey escaped to Egypt. Caesar followed him later to find out that Pompey had been murdered. Within sixty days, Caesar became master of Italy. It took him nearly five years to complete the conquest of Pompey and his followers. As an orator, Caesar ranked second only to Cicero, the great Roman statesman and philosopher. Caesar is also famous as a writer. His Commentaries on the Gallic War describe his conquests in Gaul. The clear direct style of his work makes it a model of historical writing. Caesar used wisely the power he had won, and made many important reforms. He tried to control dishonest practices in the Roman and provincial governments. He improved the calendar, cleaning up confusion that had existed for hundreds of years. Caesar gave poor people in Rome an outlet to improve their way of living by establishing colonies, notably at Carthage and Corinth. Caesar had proved he was capable of governing Rome and its vast possessions. Yet, many of Caesars actions offended Roman pride. Caesar treated the Senate as a mere advisory council, and the senators resented this disrespect. He also offended many Romans by assuming the office of dictator. He returned in 78 BC when Sulla died and began his political career as prosecuting advocate. By training, Caesar was a politician rather than a soldier, but he knew he needed military victories to gain greater fame. Caesar gained military force and a loyal army from a campaign to conquer Gaul in 58 BC. It soon became clear that he was a military genius. Caesar had now become undisputed master of the Roman world. He pardoned the followers of Pompey. The people honored Caesar for his leadership and triumphs by granting him the powers of dictator for 10 years. Later, he was made dictator for life. In 49 BC, the conservatives ordered Caesar to give up his army. Caesar did not surrender his army to leave them defenseless, but instead did the opposite. Caesar used his army to invade Britain twice in 55 and 54 BC. He won this battle to lead to the conquering of Gaul, which included present day France, and Belgium, as well as parts of Holland, Germany, and Switzerland in 50 BC. Caesar then led his army of 5000 soldiers across the Rubicon, a stream that separated his provinces from Italy. This caused the start of the Roman Civil War. He conquered all territories east to the Rhine River, drove the Germans out of Gaul, and then crossed the Rhine to show the great might of Rome. He won this war to make Cleopatra ruler of Egypt. After his victory, Cleopatra was driven away from the throne. While this was going on Caesar invaded Alexandria. Caesar had gone to Alexandria in pursuit of Pompey, who was Caesars rival to become the next ruler of Rome. While looking for Pompey Caesar met and fell in love with Cleopatra. Caesar helped her regain power by defeating her enemies. Caesar asked her to return to Rome with him to pursue their love and she did. She gave birth to a little boy named Caesarion claiming that it was for Caesar. While she was giving birth Caesar was off claiming another victory. He then defeated Pharnaces II, King of Pontus. Caesar had a saying Veni, Vidi, Vici meaning I came, I saw, I conquered. Caesar, being unaware of a plot to murder him, took his seat in the senate chair. As the meeting progressed, Caesar was handed a petition by one of the conspirators. As expected, he declined granting the petition, thus making crowds gather around him to urge him to agree upon it. With further reluctance the first blow was struck to Caesars neck. Soon all the conspirators were striking him with their swords. In all, twenty-three swords penetrated Caesars skin, but only one was fatal. Caesars last words, as he looked upon his conspirators, are translated into, And you too, Brutus? . At that moment of recognition, Caesar fell to his death. The body of Julius Caesar lay for some time undisturbed where it had fallen. Of the slaves whom Caesar gathered over time, only three remained. They gathered around his body and examined the wounds. After the examination the slaves decided to carry the body home. They had found a nearby chair to place Caesars body on to carry him home to Calpurnia. After a provocative funeral oration by Marc Antony, Caesars body was burned by the mob in the forum. At the games in his honor the following July, a comet appeared. It was regarded as evidence of his godhead and he was formally renamed as divus Julius, or divine Julius. Octavius, whose name became Caesar Octavianus after his adoption by Caesars will, solved, by his creation of the Roman principate, the constitutional problem that Caesar failed to solve.

Essay --

The Declaration of Independence stated that, "All men are created equal" but this statement did not have any meaning for white men between 1876- 1965 due to the institution of slavery. The Thirteenth Amendment was passed in 1865and put an end to slavery. The Fourteenth Amendment granted equal protection under law, and the Fifteenth Amendment gave black people the right to vote. Despite these Amendments, African Americans were still treated differently than whites. According to the law, blacks and whites could not use the same public facilities, ride the same buses, attend the same schools, etc. These laws came to be known as Jim Crow laws. The documentary focused on Charles Hamilton Houston, also known as â€Å"the man who killed Jim Crow.† He was a prominent African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School, and the director of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He began his fight against segregation between whites and blacks alone but gradually started to encourage other young lawyers to join him in his fight. These young lawyers continu...

Critical Barriers to Progress of Retinitis Pigmentosa Essay -- Health

CRITICAL BARRIERS TO PROGRESS The lack of homogeneity and progressive nature of RP poses a crucial problem to the development of novel therapies (Marmor 1979, Greenwald 2009).RP is typically late in its onset and progresses slowly; as such an accurate determination of age of onset is problematic (Tsujikawa 2008). This is particularly troublesome as no efficient therapies are currently available with genetic counseling being key in the treatment of the disease, and without an accurate age of onset, counseling can be troublesome at best (Tsujikawa 2008). Diversity exists not only in disease onset and progression rate, but underlying genetics as well (Chow 2004); over 180 gene mutations are associated with photoreceptor diseases without cures or effective therapies (Greenwald 2009). This makes the development of molecular based therapies difficult as one therapy may only aid one specific type of RP, with a variance in efficacy mirroring the variance in phenotype severity. Even within a single family, a specific muta tion may result in a variety of phenotypes (Sohocki 2000). Also, within a single gene, multiple mutations may occur, each with its own retinal degeneration phenotype (Gamundi 2005). Even if these issues with known genetic causes could be mitigated, cases of adRP exist where all known RP associated genes have been excluded, suggesting additional genetic heterogeneity (Alvarez 2007). Within Caucasian populations, 50-60% of cases of RP are diagnosed as â€Å"sporadic† due to the inability to pinpoint inheritance patterns (Ziviello 2005). In one study of Italian families with adRP, only 27% of cases could be linked to a known gene, with 73% of cases having alterations in unknown genes (Ziviello 2005). Because of the challenges mo... ...ir mobility and independence indirectly, resulting in an overall greater increase in quality of life. Additionally, this study will improve our knowledge of retinal degenerations and the ability of degenerated photoreceptors with mostly preserved retinal circuitry to be stimulated more effectively through differential brightness/contrast/exposures to increase visual perception. Success of the aims of this study will alter treatments and services in the field as optometrists will have access to a potential prosthesis and resource to give their patients to improve their quality of life once diagnosed with RP. Additionally, this device will give a non-invasive alternative to those patients with early stage disease progression, those RP patients with unknown underlying genetic determinants, and those end-stage patients that do not wish to have subretinal implantation.

Philosophies of Learning Theory

INTRODUCTION What is theory? A theory is a way of thinking and a model of how things work, how principles are related, and what causes things to work together. Learning theories address key questions, for example, how does learning happen? How does motivation occur? What influences students’ development? A theory is not just an idea. It’s an idea that is a coherent explanation of a set of relationships that has been tested with lots of research. If the idea survives rigorous testing, that theory is said to have empirical grounding. A theory is developed from practical experience as well as research.Any given theory is usually about one aspect of the learning process. Learning theories  are  conceptual frameworks  that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during  learning. Learning brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, valu es, and world views. There are three main categories of learning theory:  behaviorism,  cognitivism, and  constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning.Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts. Philosophies of teaching and learning, numerous philosophers have studied what the meaning of to teach and learn, and have come up with various explanations of the process of becoming educated. Their begin to refine their own beliefs and understandings of what it means to know through examining numerous theories of knowledge and making sense of the processes of teaching and learning in their own minds.An few philosophies and examples of individuals who exemplify the concepts are worth exploring: Existentialism (Maxine Greene, Jean-Paul Sartre, Soren Kierkegaard, Simone de Beauvoir), Critical T heory (Karl Marx, Henry Geroux, Michael Apple, Paulo Friere), Behaviorism (B. F. Skinner), Cognitivism / Developmentalism (Maria Montessori, A. S. Neill, John Dewey, Knowles, Waldorf Schools, Reggio Emilia Schools), Social Constructivism (John Dewey, Lev Vygotsky, Jerome Bruner, Montessori, Reggio Emilia and Waldorf Schools). 1. 0 LEARNING THEORIESIn  psychology  and education,  learning  theories are attempts to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. There are three main categories (philosophical frameworks) under which learning  theories fall: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. 1. 1 Behaviorism Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning and discounts the internal processing that might be associated with the activity. Learning is the acquisition of new  behavior  through conditioning. There are two types of possible conditioning: ) Classical conditionin g, where the  behavior  becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlov's Dogs. 2) Operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the  behavior  by a reward or a punishment. The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B. F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism. The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the environment’. Briefly, a behavior may result either in reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring, or punishment, which decreases the likelihood of the behavior recurring.It is important to note that, a punisher is not considered to be punishment if it does not result in the reduction of the behavior, and so the terms punishment and reinforcement are determined as a result of the actions. Within this framework, behaviorists are particularly interested in measurable changes in behavior. 1. 2. Cognitivism Since the Cognitive Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, learning theory has undergone a great deal of change. Much of the empirical framework of Behaviorism was retained even though a new paradigm was begun. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning.Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. So for example how the natural physiological processes of encoding information into short term memory and long term memory become important to educators. Once memory theories like the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model and Baddeley's Working memory model were established as a theoretical framework in Cognitive  Psychology, new cognitive frameworks of learning began to emerge during the 1970s, 80s, and 90s. Today researchers are concentrating on topics like Cognitive load and Information Processing Theory.These theories of learning are very useful as they guide the Instructional design. 1. 3. Constructivism Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds n ew ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge. In other words, â€Å"learning involves constructing one's own knowledge from one's own experiences. † Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context. 1. 4. Informal and Post-Modern TheoriesInformal theories of education deal with more practical breakdown of the learning process. One of these deals with whether learning should take place as a building of concepts toward an overall idea, or the understanding of the overall idea with the details filled in later. Modern thinkers favor the latter, though without any basis in real world research. Critics believe that trying to teach an overall idea without details (facts) is like trying to build a masonry structure without bricks. Other concerns are the origins of the drive for learning.To this end, many have split off from the mains tream holding that learning is a primarily self taught thing, and that the ideal learning situation is one that is self taught. According to this dogma, learning at its basic level is all self taught, and class rooms should be eliminated since they do not fit the perfect model of self learning. However, real world results indicate that isolated students fail. Social support seems crucial for sustained learning. Informal learning theory also concerns itself with book vs real-world experience learning. Many consider most schools severely lacking in the second.Newly emerging hybrid instructional models combining traditional classroom and computer enhanced instruction promise the best of both worlds. 2. 0 PHILOSOPHY ON LEARNING THEORIES. People have been trying to understand learning for over 2000 years. Learning theorists have carried out a debate on how people learn that began at least as far back as the Greek philosophers, Socrates (469 –399 B. C. ), Plato (427 – 347 B. C. ), and Aristotle(384 – 322 B. C). The debates that have occurred through the ages reoccur today in a variety of viewpoints about the purposes of education and about how to encourage learning.To a substantial extent, the most effective strategies for learning depend on what kind of learning is desired and toward what ends. Plato and one of his students, Aristotle, were early entrants into the debate about how people learn. They asked, â€Å"Is truth and knowledge to be found within us (rationalism) or is it to be found outside of ourselves by using our senses (empiricism)? † Plato, as a rationalist, developed the belief that knowledge and truth can be discovered by self-reflection. Aristotle, the empiricist, used his senses to look for truth and knowledge in the world outside of him.From his empirical base Aristotle developed a scientific method of gathering data to study the world around him. Socrates developed the dialectic method of discovering truth through conv ersations with fellow citizens (Monroe, 1925). Inquiry methods owe much of their genesis to the thinking of Aristotle and others who followed this line of thinking. Strategies that call for discourse and reflection as tools for developing thinking owe much to Socrates and Plato. The Romans differed from the Greeks in their concept of education.The meaning of life did not intrigue them as much as developing a citizenry that could contribute to society in a practical way, for building roads and aqueducts. The Romans emphasized education as the vocational training rather than as the training of the mind for the discovery of truth. Modern vocational education and apprenticeship methods are reminiscent of the Roman approach to education. As we will see, however, strategies to encourage cognitive apprenticeships combine the modeling inherent in learning by guided doing with the discourse, reflection, and inquiry that the Greeks suggested to train the mind.When the Roman Catholic Church be came a strong force in European daily life (500 A. D. to 1500 A. D. ), learning took place through the church, through monasteries, and through their school system, which included the universities (12th century) the Church built throughout Europe. Knowledge was transmitted from the priest to the people (Monroe, 1925). Much learning was the memorization and recitation of scripture by rote and the learning of trades by apprenticeship. The primary conception of the purpose of education was transmission-based.Many classrooms today continue a transmission-based conception of learning as the passing on of information from the teacher to the student, with little interest in transforming it or using it for novel purposes. The Renaissance (15th to the 17th centuries) revived the Greek concept of liberal education, which stressed education as an exploration of the arts and humanities. Renaissance philosophers fought for freedom of thought, and thus Humanism, a study of human values that are n ot religion-based, was born.By the sixteenth century the control of the Catholic Church was being challenged on a number of fronts, from Copernicus (1473 – 1543) who suggested that the sun rather than the earth was the center of the Solar System, to Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) who sought to secularize education (Monroe,1925). The notions of individual inquiry and discovery as bases for learning were reinforced in the Renaissance. In a sense the recurring ideological debates over education for â€Å"basic† skills – the reproduction of facts and rudimentary skills – vs. ducation for thinking – the effort to understand ideas and use knowledge for broader purposes – replay the medieval vs. Renaissance conceptions of the purposes of education. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) revived the Platonic concept of innate knowledge. Descartes believed that ideas existed within human beings prior to experience and that God was an example of an i nnate idea. He recognized that the body could be appreciated and studied as a zoological machine, while the mind was separate and free from the body.He was one of the first to define precisely the ability of the environment and the mind to influence and initiate behavior. He also described how the body could produce unintended behaviors. Descartes’ first description of reflex action was influential in psychology for over 300 years (Hergenhahn, 1976). While these findings supported the work of behavioral psychologists seeking to understand the genesis of behaviors, his focus on the mind also supported the work of later cognitive scientists who sought to understand the thinking process itself.John Locke (1632 – 1704) revived Aristotle’s empiricism with the concept that the child’s mind is a blank tablet (tabula rasa) that gets s haped and formed by his/her own experiences. He believed the mind becomes what it experiences from the outside world. â€Å"Let u s suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: How comes it to be furnished? †¦ Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? †¦ from experience† (Locke, quoted in Hilgard and Bower 1975).The mind gathers data through the senses and creates simple ideas from experience; these simple ideas combine to develop complex ideas. Locke believed that education should structure experiences for students and that one essential learning was the kind of discipline that could be developed through the study of mathematics (Hergenhahn, 1976). The idea that different disciplines provide qualitatively different mental experiences and means of training the mind undergirds the basis of the discipline-based liberal arts education.Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) was one of the first philosophers to suggest that education should be shaped to the child. He celebrated the concept of childhood and felt that children should be allowed to develop naturally. â€Å"The only habit which the child should be allowed to form is to contract no habit whatever. † (Rousseau, quoted in Hilgard and Bower, 1975) In Rousseau’s novel, Emile (Rousseau, 2000), the hero learns about life through his experiences in life. Complex ideas are built from simple ideas that are gathered from the world around him (Hilgard and Bower, 1975).The child-centered philosophies of Dewey, Montessori, Piaget and others follow in part from similar views. Kant (1724 – 1804) refined and modernized Plato’s rationalist theory with his suggestion that â€Å"a priori† knowledge was knowledge that was present before experience. For Kant, awareness of knowledge may begin with experience but knowledge existed prior to experience. Kant espoused that these ideas must be innate, and their purpose is to create an organizing structure for the data that is received by the senses.Kant was also one of the first to recognize t he cognitive processes of the mind, the idea that the mind was a part of the thinking process and capable of contributing to the thoughts that it developed. This learning theory opened the door to Piaget and others who would further develop the ideas of cognition (Monroe, 1925). Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949) is considered by many to be the first modern education psychologist who sought to bring a scientific approach to the study of learning. Thorndike believed that learning was incremental and that people learned through a trial and error approach.His behaviorist theories of learning did not consider that learning took place as a result of mental constructs. Instead, he described how mental connections are formed through positive responses to particular stimuli. For Thorndike, learning was based on an association between sense impressions and an impulse to action. Thorndike favored students’ active learning and sought to structure the environment to ensure certain sti muli that would ‘produce’ learning. The father of modern behaviorism, B. F. Skinner (1904 – 1990), further developed Thorndike’s Stimulus-Response learning theory.Skinner was responsible for developing programmed learning which was based on his stimulus response research on rats and pigeons in experiments that provided positive reinforcement for â€Å"correct† responses. He considered learning to be the production of desired behaviors, and denied any influence of mental processes. Programmed learning gave proper reinforcement to the student, emphasized reward over punishment, moved the student by small steps through discrete skills and allowed the student to move at their own speed. â€Å"There are certain questions which have to be answered in turning to the study of any new organism.What behavior is to be set up? What reinforcers are at hand? What responses are available in embarking upon a program of progressive approximation that will lead to t he final form of the behavior? How can reinforcements be most effectively scheduled to maintain the behavior in strength? These questions are all relevant in considering the problem of the child in the lower grades. † Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) was the first to state that learning is a developmental cognitive process, that students create knowledge rather than receive knowledge from the teacher.He recognized that students construct knowledge based on their experiences, and that how they do so is related to their biological, physical, and mental stage of development. Piaget spent years observing very young children and mapping out four stages of growth: sensorimotor (birth to about 2 years), preoperational (roughly ages 2 –7), concrete operations (encompassing about ages 7- 14) and formal operations (beginning around ages 11 – 15 and extending into adulthood.His work acknowledged the utility of some behaviorally-guided rote learningwhile also arguing that ot her activities that support students’ exploration are essential: The Russian scientist Vygotsky (1896 – 1934) extended Piaget’s developmental theory of cognitive abilities of the individual to include the notion of social-cultural cognition – that is, the idea that all learning occurs in a cultural context and involves social interactions. He emphasized the role that culture and language play in developing students’ thinking and the ways in which teachers and peers assist learners in developing new ideas and skills.Vygotsky proposed the concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) which suggested that students learn subjects best just beyond their range of existing experience with assistance from the teacher or another peer to bridge the distance from what they know or can do independently and what they can know or do with assistance (Schunk, 1996). John Dewey (1859 – 1952) agreed in part with Rousseau that education should not be separ ate from life itself, that education should be child-centered, guided by a welltrained teacher who is grounded in pedagogical and subject knowledge.Like Locke, he believed that structured experience matters and disciplinary modes of inquiry could allow the development of the mind, thus creating a dialectic between the child and the curriculum that the teacher must manage. The teacher’s goal is to understand both the demands of the discipline and the needs of the child and then to provide learning experiences to enable the student to uncover the curriculum. Dewey believed that the ability of a person to learn was dependent on many things, one of which was the environment. . 0 Future trends There are many changes occurring in the twenty-first century which will influence the nature of learning and learning styles being adopted. Perhaps the most significant change is that universities are now increasingly competing with a range of non-traditional education providers. This will f orce higher education into a pro-active stance in understanding how students learn best, and how teaching impacts on learning. Additional contemporary changes include globalisation, modularisation, mobility of earners, distance education/elearning/flexible learning, lifelong learning, mass education, and work-based learning. ‘The de-institutionalisation of education, in the form of open and independent learning systems, is creating a need for learners to develop appropriate skills’ (Knowles, 1975, p. 14). The impact here on learners is the gradual move away from the more traditional forms of teaching and learning, where information was transmitted to the student through physical interaction between teacher and student, to more self-directed, student-centred approaches.Problem-based learning is an example of one approach to learning where the learner needs to take responsibility for his or her own learning, with the teacher now increasingly assuming the role of facilitat or of student learning. The impact of technology and the internet will continue to increase, having economic and social implications for society. For instance people can now work from home if they have immediate access to a computer. This may facilitate the increase of distance-learning courses as students no longer have to attend a physical campus to gain qualifications.Increasing modularisation enables many students to learn at their own pace, in their own time. CONCLUSION The Philosophy of education has been shaped over centuries with certain philosophers and their thoughts directly affecting it. A good example is Plato and his  educational philosophy  that was christened Republic. He argues that the society would be holistic if children at a tender age would be raised with a system of education that natures their intellectual capabilities with facts, physical discipline, music, art and skills.The same principles can be applied to an individual institution. This can be define d as a collective approach informed by educational philosophy  to aid in teaching in a way that the objective of imparting knowledge is achieved within a reasonable time. This philosophy of education is subject to review and modification, total over haul or improvements depending on whether the constant evaluation shows whether the goals set have been achieved or not. The drastic advances in technology have also affected the educational philosophy.The world is moving towards the web 2. 0, where technological interaction between learners and teachers is emphasized. Another factor that informs education philosophy is the fact that the world is changing its educational strategies. At one point in history, education was a transit of knowledge from the tutor to student. With nationals encouraging innovations and research in various fields, students are encouraged to discover, be inquisitive and get to learn through active experiments and research.This is a way that has revolutionized t he way education policy makers and other stakeholders define philosophy of education. The relevancy of a given  philosophy of education  therefore, is determined by the educational needs of a given society. REFERENCES 1- Level3, Issue 2, June 2004, Dublin Institute of Technology, Learning Theories and Higher Education; Frank Ashworth, Gabriel Brennan, Kathy Egan, Ron Hamilton, Olalla Saenz; 2- Critique of Various Philosophies and Theories of Education; Ted Slater, Philosophy of Education / Dr.William Cox / Regent University. 3- 2007, Pearson Education, Inc. H. Douglas Brown. -5th Edition; Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. 4- Kurzweil, R. (1996) The Age of intelligent machines â€Å"Chronology†. Retrieved September 18, 2012 from http://www. kurzweiltech. com/mchron. htm. 5- 2001, Stanford University, Developed by Linda-Darling Hammond, Kim Austin, Suzanne Orcutt, and Jim Rosso; How People Learn: Introduction To Learning Theories.

Without Love Life is Meaningless

What is cut? Love is a view of bulletproof or constant tenderheartedness for a person, attraction that includes sexual desire, it is the strong affection felt by nation who cave in a ro cosmostic descent. Love is also an object of attachment, devotion or admiration of something. Poets and authors have tried to fructify deal for centuries, now even scientists loss to discover the human mechanics of what makes us have it away. Many of us get along intuitively that do is a major mean for living that connection is inherent in all(a) that we do, and without love, we grassnot survive as a species.We all have our own pinions, thoughts, and position of what love actually is. Love is specify in many ways. We have all experienced love at to the lowest degree once to have a design of what love means. Besides the fact if we have been heartbroken. Some might say love is when youre in a relationship with a significant other by committing to monogamy, sex, attraction, trust, and compliments and caring for your loved one. Others know of the plane love for ones child, the love for sports is rooting for your favorite team and player, the love of art in that respect are many aspects of love.In the novel The taradiddle f Love by Nicole Krauss, social lion suffers misfortune and betrayal, but the novel he writes in order to survive is indite not out of despair but out of love. And it is the love expressed inwardly his novel that leads to a sequence of actions of love that brings Leo a connection to his alienated son and also a relationship with other recent woman named Alma at the end of his life. Overcoming many obstacles, Leo and the young Alma, each driven by love, dont render up in their individual quests for the authorized Alma, the one who inspired the fictional account statement of Love. Leo and Alma both live a letter from one another.Leo believes it is from his nonagenarian love Alma, her spirit, has sent the letter. While Alma wonders who has actually sent the anonymous letter. Leo is a sad, undignified, hopeless person but Alma is quick and devoted to perplexing love for her mother, situated to put the pieces to the puzzle that is Alma Mereminski. Their actions create a new world, one that leads them to seem uniform angels to each other. Although Leo and Alma claim they know what love is, theyre hopeless for love, love reveals the the true behind secrets and their behavior proves obsession can consume you to see in your minds eye.Leo is senior person who has endured and overcome difficult obstacles passim his life. The love he has for Alma Mereminski makes him survive the Holocaust. afterward three and a half geezerhood later he went in searched for Alma Mereminski he took a train, a boat travelled to New York Harbor and finally a subway train to Brooklyn. To only find out she was unify to another man who she has two small boys with. Leo had promised to neer fall in love with another girl other than h er and kept his promise. During the billet of his life he never married or fell in love again. He was hopelessly devoted to Alma